The Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact - ELTE BTK Történelem Szakos Portál

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that part of this movement which was in Austria even more racially pronounced than in Germany. After he had worked a short time with his father, who had bought a small mining company, he came 1925 to the „Oberösterreichischen Elektrobau AG”, where he worked till 1927. After that, Eichmann found a job as salesman of the „Vacuum Oil Company AG – Wien”. As a travel agent he sold gasoline and motor oil in the Mühlviertel 23 , until he was transferred to Salzburg in 1933. There he was terminated after a short while, allegedly because of his membership in the NSDAP. 24 Entry in the NSDAP and the SS On the first of April 1932 Eichmann joined the NSDAP and on the same day the SS 25 . After Hitler came to power in Germany, the NSDAP was banned in Austria. Whether he lost his job because of his membership in the Nazi party or for economic reasons is controversial. Like many others he gave way to this prohibition law and went on the first of August 1933 to Freilassing in Bayern. 26 In the camp of Lechfeld he went through a two months lasting, pseudo-military training and joined as a „SS-Unterscharführer” the „Austrian legion”. After that, he was with the battalion of the regiment „Germany” until September 1934 located outside the Dachau concentration camp, where he became „SS-Scharführer”. In October 1934, Eichmann came to the Security Service called „Sicherheitsdienst” (SD) of the „Reichsführer SS” (Reichleader of the SS), Himmler 27 . In the beginning Eichmann sorted index cards in the SD-Main Office in the SD-Department II-111 „Freemasonry” 28 , before he was responsible for Zionist organisations as a clerk in the Department II-112. There Eichmann had found his vocation under his superior SS- Untersturmführer Leopold Edler von Mildenstein. After the lecture of Theodor Herzl’s work „Der Judenstaat” (The state of Jews) and Alfred Boehm’s „Geschichte des Zionismus” (History of Zionism), Eichmann was becoming an 23 A part of Upper Austria. 24 The hand written CV from July 1937, printed in: Das Eichmann Protokoll, Dokumentenanhang. Read in: SAFRIAN, Hans: Eichmann’s Men. 17. 25 His SS-Candidate number was 45.326. About his NSDAP membership number he self gave different information. So you can find in literature either the number 889.895 or 899.895. LEGENSTEIN, Roland: Adolf Eichmann - der Schreibtischtäter. Koordinator der „Endlösung” (Dipl.-Arb., Wien, 2002.12. 26 LEGENSTEIN, Roland: Adolf Eichmann - der Schreibtischtäter. Koordinator der „Endlösung” Dipl.-Arb., Wien, 2002.14. 27 Ibid.16. 28 The Masonic Lodges with their mythical rites and secret signs were soon lumped together with Jews, Communists and Catholicism in the time of National Socialism. ARENDT: 111. LEVY: 92. 80
expert of this matter 29 and had as a „Zionist” and „Idealist” the goal of a „political Solution of the Jewish question” in mind. 30 Development of the SD The Security Service called „Sicherheitsdienst” (SD) of the SS was modeled in 1931 after military aspects as section Ic. It was established of the SS-Oberstab in Munich and was led by Heydrich, who was SS-Sturmführer at that time. In 1932 the section Ic had been transformed into the SD and should soon be the priority intelligence on the model of the Intelligence Service or the Deuxième Bureau. In 1935 the establishment of the SD main office in Berlin followed, which was divided into the offices I, administration and organization; II inland and III foreign countries. The intelligence analysis of the Jewish organizations began in 1935 and was for the time business of the SD department II-111 „Freemasonry”. After that, the department II-112 of the SD main office took over the exploration of the Jewish organizations, through the monitoring of the Jewish press and meetings in cooperation with the Gestapo. Divided into the departments „assimilates, orthodox’ and Zionists”, files were made, diagrams produced and reports created. 31 When Prof. Dr. Six overtook the main department II-1, the cooperation of the department II-112 and the Gestapo got even closer. After Mildenstein and Kuno Schröder, Dieter Wisliceny overtook the department and he forced the so-called „Zionist emigration” and the „elimination of the Jews from German economic life”. With the next head leader, Herbert Hagen, the area of work expanded. From then on files of all „important Jews” of other countries concerning policy, economics and science should be made. In doing so, special attention should have been given to Austria. Furthermore Hagen envisioned an expansion of the influence of Gestapo and SD on to the economic and financial area of the Nazi policy, which he wanted to achieve with the centralization of the „treatment of the Jewish question in Germany”. But this should only be made possible through the actions in Austria. 32 The situation in Austria Meanwhile Austria respectively Vienna fell into chaos. Already in the night before the „invasion” 33 of German troops on the 12 th of March 1938, by which another about 200.000 Jews came under the sphere of influence of the Nazi 29 POHANKA, Reinhard: Pflichterfüller. Hitlers Helfer in der Ostmark. Wien, 1997. 37. 30 KNOPP: 31. 31 SAFRIAN, Hans: Eichmann’s Men. 16-17. 32 Ibid. 14-19. LEGENSTEIN, Roland: Adolf Eichmann - der Schreibtischtäter. Koordinator der „Endlösung”. Dipl.-Arb., Wien, 2002. 21-26. 33 This „invasion” was hailed by a very large part of the Austrian population. 81
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ISBN 978-963-284-164-9
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Unknown Clauses: The Background Dea
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CONTENTS Foreword (István MAJOROS,
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Foreword The world remembers in 200
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The Historical Judgement of the Mol
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went often on emotional instead of
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What is much more interesting is th
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such an international agreement as
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Text of the Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggress
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Done in duplicate, in the German an
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Lachaise, Bernard Historiography of
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Relations) are the focus of special
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Russian agreement (…) would allow
Page 31 and 32: Europe and on the French communists
Page 33 and 34: adopted a stance of denying the fac
Page 35 and 36: Ortolan, Guillaume The 70 th annive
Page 37 and 38: government (more than twenty) came,
Page 39 and 40: War. On the contrary, it shows that
Page 41 and 42: this anniversary and more widely of
Page 43: interesting: „Illusions. In summe
Page 47 and 48: Kretschmann, Vasco The ideological
Page 49 and 50: One of the most influential associa
Page 51 and 52: Germanness in the provinces of West
Page 53 and 54: Prętkiewicz, Przemysław The syste
Page 55 and 56: interwar period and the treaty was
Page 57 and 58: situation of rising danger accepted
Page 59 and 60: Manchukuo and broke relations with
Page 61: I would like to finish my article w
Page 64 and 65: party itself but for the whole Slov
Page 66 and 67: In summary, the group of the „Mod
Page 68 and 69: make proposals or suggestions. 6 In
Page 70 and 71: (Aland), Hanko and the islands of t
Page 72 and 73: have had a less serious effect on t
Page 74 and 75: not expect strong resistance and ho
Page 77 and 78: Winkler, Paul Adolf Eichmann’s Vi
Page 79 and 80: individual offenders, 10 who used h
Page 81: esearch. But how could the suppress
Page 85 and 86: Arendt on the contrary is in the op
Page 87 and 88: the „matter”, where there was a
Page 89 and 90: adoption of the model it became cle
Page 91 and 92: of Eichmann. For that Heydrich deli
Page 93: esistance […] but of logistics. N
Page 96 and 97: British government refused to give
Page 98 and 99: ole in the defence of Madrid in Nov
Page 100 and 101: public doubt the democratic idea of
Page 102 and 103: Republicans. In the refugee camps i
Page 104 and 105: 102
Page 106 and 107: iron? Where can one find more nicke
Page 108 and 109: According to his diaries, the main
Page 110 and 111: announced: „We have no active all
Page 112 and 113: 110
Page 114 and 115: negative, an analysis of the disapp
Page 116 and 117: can let think of an imminent war po
Page 118 and 119: de la guerre [il] ne fait que l'agg
Page 120 and 121: Party), the enemy of the inside. Of
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Page 124 and 125: Before the Pact M. Coulondre, the F
Page 126 and 127: Lets us skip a few decades and list
Page 128 and 129: argain with. Hitler had an offer th
Page 130 and 131: secret protocol clarified that the
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to reach out for Russia through the
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of a war interesting rather on civi
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At the same moment, we can note an
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Faure 2 , remains hostile to war. I
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war can still be avoided in June 19
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acked by a „belligerent” coalit
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142
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agreement” sound anachronistic. E
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1939 between Germany and the Soviet
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Two ideas emerge from the press: on
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soviets didn’t have motive. Blum
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Moscow's line, with the national an
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154
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2.000 German speaking inhabitants).
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The Eastern Polish border was not r
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Army. The mayor of Lviv did not wan
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162
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Budapest, and for Warsaw. The two c
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could not destroy the Polish Air Fo
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independence, Romania was forced to
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importance for the events considere
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possible future opposition to the S
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ate of communists within the Jews o
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the initial positive feeling toward
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wanted to take revenge for the NKVD
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German Reactions A last point that
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