The Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact - ELTE BTK Történelem Szakos Portál

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the initial positive feeling towards the Soviet Union changed. Many NKVDactivists had been sent to the occupied regions from the core regions of the Soviet Union, but there were also locals who cooperated and got involved with the NKVD‘s crimes. It was in this context that Jews were disproportionally high noticed. 33 The German attack on the Soviet Union. Militia The Wehrmacht marched over the border between the two occupational zones in June 1941, starting a new phase of the war. While approaching rapidly towards Soviet core land, the Germans were greeting by locals with mixed reactions. Some cheered the them as liberators from the Soviet occupation while expecting national independence under German rule, some had heard of German atrocities in former Western Poland and did not expect anything good from the new occupation. 34 The retreating Red Army was hunted by militia units that popped up everywhere and often acted in accordance with the Wehrmacht. The formation of these units most often took place after the Germans arrived and it was their duty to implement Ruhe und Ordnung in the hinterland. 35 It were mostly Ukrainians, who again hoped to be able to form an independent state, who were eager to help the Germans. 36 The militia cooperated with the German Einsatzgruppen on their mission to persecute Jews and communists merciless. 37 Pogroms After having taken a look back on the events leading up to the German invasion of former Eastern Poland in 1941, attention will now be thrown, for the rest of this paper, on a single aspect of the following events.: The pogroms that took place in many smaller and larger towns and cities of former Eastern Poland as the Germans approached. 38 In cases these excesses had already been 33 ROMAN, Wanda Krystina: Die sowjetische Okkupation der polnischen Ostgebiete 1939 bis 1941. In: CHIARI, Bernhard: Die polnische Heimatarmee- Geschichte und Mythos der Armia Krajowa seit dem Zweiten Weltkrieg. München, 2003. 91. 34 GROSS, Jan T.: „Jeder lauscht ständig, ob die Deutschen nicht schon kommen” - Die zentralpolnische Gesellschaft und der Völkermord. In: BORODZIEJ, 230. See also MERRIDALE, Catherine: Iwans Krieg - Die Rote Armee 1939-1945. Frankfurt am Main, 2008. 308. and ANGRICK, Andrej: Besatzungspolitik und Massenmord - Die Einsatzgruppe D in der südlichen Sowjetunion. Hamburg, 2003. 132-134. 35 38 Ruhe und Ordnung meaning „quiet and order”, a phrase used in German to symbolize a situation under control. 36 POHL, Dieter: Ukrainische Hilfskräfte beim Mord an den Juden. In: PAUL, Gerhard (Ed.): Die Täter der Shoah - Fanatische Nationalsozialisten oder ganz normale Deutsche?, Göttingen, 2002. 207. 37 OVERY, Richard: Russlands Krieg - 1941-1945, Reinbek bei Hamburg, 2003. 140. 38 POHL, Dieter: Ukrainische Hilfskräfte beim Mord an den Juden. In: PAUL, Gerhard (Ed.): Die Täter der Shoah - Fanatische Nationalsozialisten oder ganz normale Deutsche?, Göttingen, 2002. 211. 176
started when the Germans entered a town or city, triggered by a vacuum of power in the short period between the abandonment of these towns by the Red Army and the arrival of German units. In other cases, Germans took advantage of an already existing mood to start pogroms or they initiated such anti-Semitic riots. 39 Although he could not find any written directive, Dieter Pohl assumes that these events had been coordinated because they took place in such similar forms and in such parallel ways everywhere. 40 Background to these riots were the experiences of local people during and with the Soviet occupation as well as historical relations of the region‘s nationalities as shown above. After their torturers had left, people were looking for someone they could hold responsible for everything they had to endure and they accepted whomever they could find, which in these cases most often were their Jewish neighbours who stayed behind and who were associated with the occupational regime. 41 As I already showed, the Jewish percentage within the administration was not higher than that of any of the other nationalities, but people felt it was. Jews were generally associated with the Soviets. 42 The Bogdan-Musial-controversy A few years ago, the historian Bogdan Musial made a case, when he claimed that the NKVD‘s crimes where the one initial that caused the violent excesses against Jews. When the local people discovered the thousands of bodies the NKVD had killed only hours before they fled, the people, according to Musial, had wished to take revenge. - A good description of these atrocities may be found in Richard Overy‘s book. 43 Musial is eager to explain the riots not as actions triggered by the soon-to-be German arrival, but as a sole reaction to these discoveries. The locals had POHL, Dieter: Nationalsozialistische Judenverfolgung in Ostgalizien 1941-1944 - Organisation und Durchführung eines staatlichen Massenverbrechens. München, 1996. 60. An.107 lists, with regard to Weiss, pogroms in 58 towns in the Western Ukraine, as well as in various villages. 39 For example the pogrom in Lemberg (Lviv) had been initiated by Wehrmacht units, see POHL, Dieter: Schauplatz Ukraine - Der Massenmord an den Juden im Militärverwaltungsgebiet und im Reichskommissariat 1941-1943. In: FREI, Norbert et al. (Ed.): Ausbeutung, Vernichtung, Öffentlichkeit - Neue Studien zur nationalsozialistischen Lagerpolitik. München, 2000. 139. 40 POHL, Dieter: Nationalsozialistische Judenverfolgung in Ostgalizien 1941-1944 - Organisation und Durchführung eines staatlichen Massenverbrechens. München, 1996. 57. See also HILBERG, Raul: Täter, Opfer, Zuschauer - Die Vernichtung der Juden 1933-1945, Frankfurt am Main, 1992. 220. 41 MUSIAL, Bogdan: „Konterrevolutionäre Elemente sind zu erschießen” - Die Brutalisierung des deutsch-sowjetischen Krieges im Sommer 1941. Berlin 2001. 76. 42 POHL, Dieter: Ukrainische Hilfskräfte beim Mord an den Juden. In: PAUL, Gerhard (Ed.): Die Täter der Shoah - Fanatische Nationalsozialisten oder ganz normale Deutsche?, Göttingen, 2002. 211. 43 OVERY, Richard: Russlands Krieg-1941-1945, Reinbek bei Hamburg, 2003. 185. BERKHOFF, Karel C.: Harvest of Despair-Life and death in Ukraine under Nazi rule. Cambridge, 2004. 56. 177
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ISBN 978-963-284-164-9
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Unknown Clauses: The Background Dea
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CONTENTS Foreword (István MAJOROS,
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Foreword The world remembers in 200
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The Historical Judgement of the Mol
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went often on emotional instead of
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What is much more interesting is th
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such an international agreement as
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Text of the Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggress
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Done in duplicate, in the German an
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Lachaise, Bernard Historiography of
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Relations) are the focus of special
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Russian agreement (…) would allow
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Europe and on the French communists
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adopted a stance of denying the fac
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Ortolan, Guillaume The 70 th annive
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government (more than twenty) came,
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War. On the contrary, it shows that
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this anniversary and more widely of
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interesting: „Illusions. In summe
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Kretschmann, Vasco The ideological
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One of the most influential associa
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Germanness in the provinces of West
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Prętkiewicz, Przemysław The syste
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interwar period and the treaty was
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situation of rising danger accepted
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Manchukuo and broke relations with
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I would like to finish my article w
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party itself but for the whole Slov
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In summary, the group of the „Mod
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make proposals or suggestions. 6 In
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(Aland), Hanko and the islands of t
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have had a less serious effect on t
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not expect strong resistance and ho
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Winkler, Paul Adolf Eichmann’s Vi
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individual offenders, 10 who used h
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esearch. But how could the suppress
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expert of this matter 29 and had as
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Arendt on the contrary is in the op
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the „matter”, where there was a
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adoption of the model it became cle
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of Eichmann. For that Heydrich deli
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esistance […] but of logistics. N
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British government refused to give
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ole in the defence of Madrid in Nov
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public doubt the democratic idea of
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Republicans. In the refugee camps i
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102
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iron? Where can one find more nicke
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According to his diaries, the main
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announced: „We have no active all
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110
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negative, an analysis of the disapp
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can let think of an imminent war po
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de la guerre [il] ne fait que l'agg
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Party), the enemy of the inside. Of
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120
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Before the Pact M. Coulondre, the F
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Lets us skip a few decades and list
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Page 132 and 133: to reach out for Russia through the
Page 134 and 135: of a war interesting rather on civi
Page 136 and 137: At the same moment, we can note an
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Page 146 and 147: agreement” sound anachronistic. E
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Page 158 and 159: 2.000 German speaking inhabitants).
Page 160 and 161: The Eastern Polish border was not r
Page 162 and 163: Army. The mayor of Lviv did not wan
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Page 166 and 167: Budapest, and for Warsaw. The two c
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Page 182 and 183: German Reactions A last point that
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