The Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact - ELTE BTK Történelem Szakos Portál

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egime, pogrom riots began, that remained unique. The specific acts of violence in Austria, which was called „Ostmark” from then on, the „Völkischer Beobachter”, as you can read at Safrian, commented in this way: „Whereas National Socialism frequently had to direct the attention of the people of northern Germany to the private, in a sense apolitical dangers of the Jews, the task in Vienna is the opposite. Concerned to preserve the irreproachability and purity of the movement, it is the duty of responsible public education to contain the seething radicalism and to guide the understandable reaction to Jewish excess throughout an entire century into orderly channels. For, as everyone needs to remember, Germany is a constitutionally governed state. That means that in our Reich nothing happens without foundation in law….” 34 The pogroms in the „Ostmark” did not meet the technocratic Anti-Semitism of the Nazi party leadership, which wanted their actions to be protected in a bureaucratic and pseudo-legal way. Because of that, next to the arbitrary riots a state organized terror of the new rulers was added. A „Dejudification of the economic in the Ostmark” should be guaranteed by the so-called „Vermögensverkehrsstelle”, which checked already performed and new „Arisierungen” 35 . The Jewish population was forced to leave the country, but it was meticulously made sure that they had to leave behind all their property. Many Jews from Vienna also fled the hopeless situation, by committing suicide. The situation of Jews in Vienna was far more extreme than in the „Altreich”. Many bureaucratic hurdles were put in the path of an „emigration” in the „Ostmark”. The Jews of Vienna had to pass gauntlet runs, at which they were delivered to the arbitrariness, corruption and wickedness of the officials. In addition to that they had to give up their property in most of the times. Very good descriptions of these days in Vienna can be found at Carl Zuckmayer 36 and Hans Safrian with Hans Witek. 37 Eichmann in Vienna In that stage described above, the men of the department II-112 began their work in Vienna. Under leadership of Hagen and Eichmann, soon under the sole guide of Eichmann, files and documents of Jewish organizations and individuals were seized and brought to Berlin. According to lists, which Eichmann brought from Berlin, officials from Jewish organizations were arrested to paralyze those organizations. 38 34 Völkischer Beobachter, 26th of April 1938. SAFRIAN, Hans: Eichmann’s Men. 23. 35 „Arisierung” means the expropriation of Jewish property by a so-called „Aryan master race”. 36 ZUCKMAYER, Carl: Als wär’s ein Stück von mir. Horen der Freundschaft. Frankfurt, 1966. 37 WITEK, Hans u. SAFRIAN, Hans (Hgg.): Und keiner war dabei. Dokumente des alltäglichen Antisemitismus in Wien 1938. Wien, 1988. 38 SAFRIAN, Hans: Eichmann’s Men. 27. WILDT, Michael (Hg.): Die Judenpolitik des SD 1935 bis 1938. München, 1995. 52. FRIEDLANDER, Saul: Das Dritte Reich und die Juden. München, 1998. 256. 82
Arendt on the contrary is in the opinion that Eichmann immediately after his arrival took Jewish officials out of concentration camps, to enter into negotiations with them. But not only has the rest of the literature, but also the sources seemed to speak against her in this point. 39 Jewish persons, who inquired about the guidelines of the new rulers, saw themselves confronted with a competency chaos. No office knew about the actions of the other offices. Neither in Vienna, nor in Berlin. This chaos was used by Eichmann to take over the leadership of the Jewish organizations. For this purpose, he allowed certain Jewish organizations again and brought their leaders back from the camps. Since May Eichmann’s work was so to monitor the coercive Jewish organizations in a dictatorial way, to ask for reports, to censor releases and to interrogate detained persons. He also made first steps to accelerate the expulsion of the Austrian Jews, which was mainly accelerated by the pressure of the Austrian pogrom-Anti- Semites. That’s the reason why the re-opened Jewish Community and the newly established emigration office had to deal within a very short time with about 45.000 completed emigration forms. The rush of the persons, who were made penniless through looting and expropriation in most of the cases, stressed the coercive organizations financially very strong. That was the reason, why they turned to international Jewish organizations, like the Joint Distribution Committee for help. Eichmann, who was now equipped with executive powers, found pleasure in his work right then. This was not the only reason why his superiors Hagen and Six sat down for an expansion of his office in Vienna. Although his office was not transformed into an own department, Eichmann was given preferential treatment because of his „diligence” and in September he was promoted to a SS- Obersturmführer and in January 1939 to a SS-Hauptsturmführer. In addition to that he got the brothers Rolf and Hans Günther as officials in the rank of SS-officers. 40 The Vienna „model” To make it easier to escape from the inhumane conditions in the country, officials of the Jewish Community presented Eichmann in the summer 1938 a plan for a so-called „Central office for the emigration of the Austrian Jews” 39 Since Eichmann already two days after his arrival in Vienna on the 18th of March 1938 led a police raid in the Jewish Community, what is supported by photos. The photo in a report in the newspaper Profil, issue No. 28. online at: http://www.vwi.ac.at/ausstellung_jmw/ pressespiegel/2007- 07-09_Profil_Nr28_IKG-Archiv-Austellung_JMW_k.pdf (1.4.2010). At this police raid inter alia a document of a donation for Schuschnigg’s plebiscite had been found. Because of that the head leaders of the Jewish Community, Dr. Löwenherz, Dr. Desider Friedmann and many more were detained. In addition to that, 500.000 Reichsmark had to be paid as an „Equivalent” of this donation. 40 SAFRIAN, Hans: Eichmann’s Men. 27-31. LEGENSTEIN, Roland: Adolf Eichmann - der Schreibtischtäter. Koordinator der „Endlösung” Dipl.-Arb., Wien, 2002. 29-32. 83
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ISBN 978-963-284-164-9
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Unknown Clauses: The Background Dea
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CONTENTS Foreword (István MAJOROS,
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Foreword The world remembers in 200
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The Historical Judgement of the Mol
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went often on emotional instead of
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What is much more interesting is th
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such an international agreement as
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Text of the Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggress
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Done in duplicate, in the German an
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Lachaise, Bernard Historiography of
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Relations) are the focus of special
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Russian agreement (…) would allow
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Europe and on the French communists
Page 33 and 34: adopted a stance of denying the fac
Page 35 and 36: Ortolan, Guillaume The 70 th annive
Page 37 and 38: government (more than twenty) came,
Page 39 and 40: War. On the contrary, it shows that
Page 41 and 42: this anniversary and more widely of
Page 43: interesting: „Illusions. In summe
Page 47 and 48: Kretschmann, Vasco The ideological
Page 49 and 50: One of the most influential associa
Page 51 and 52: Germanness in the provinces of West
Page 53 and 54: Prętkiewicz, Przemysław The syste
Page 55 and 56: interwar period and the treaty was
Page 57 and 58: situation of rising danger accepted
Page 59 and 60: Manchukuo and broke relations with
Page 61: I would like to finish my article w
Page 64 and 65: party itself but for the whole Slov
Page 66 and 67: In summary, the group of the „Mod
Page 68 and 69: make proposals or suggestions. 6 In
Page 70 and 71: (Aland), Hanko and the islands of t
Page 72 and 73: have had a less serious effect on t
Page 74 and 75: not expect strong resistance and ho
Page 77 and 78: Winkler, Paul Adolf Eichmann’s Vi
Page 79 and 80: individual offenders, 10 who used h
Page 81 and 82: esearch. But how could the suppress
Page 83: expert of this matter 29 and had as
Page 87 and 88: the „matter”, where there was a
Page 89 and 90: adoption of the model it became cle
Page 91 and 92: of Eichmann. For that Heydrich deli
Page 93: esistance […] but of logistics. N
Page 96 and 97: British government refused to give
Page 98 and 99: ole in the defence of Madrid in Nov
Page 100 and 101: public doubt the democratic idea of
Page 102 and 103: Republicans. In the refugee camps i
Page 104 and 105: 102
Page 106 and 107: iron? Where can one find more nicke
Page 108 and 109: According to his diaries, the main
Page 110 and 111: announced: „We have no active all
Page 112 and 113: 110
Page 114 and 115: negative, an analysis of the disapp
Page 116 and 117: can let think of an imminent war po
Page 118 and 119: de la guerre [il] ne fait que l'agg
Page 120 and 121: Party), the enemy of the inside. Of
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Page 124 and 125: Before the Pact M. Coulondre, the F
Page 126 and 127: Lets us skip a few decades and list
Page 128 and 129: argain with. Hitler had an offer th
Page 130 and 131: secret protocol clarified that the
Page 132 and 133: to reach out for Russia through the
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of a war interesting rather on civi
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At the same moment, we can note an
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Faure 2 , remains hostile to war. I
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war can still be avoided in June 19
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acked by a „belligerent” coalit
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142
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agreement” sound anachronistic. E
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1939 between Germany and the Soviet
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Two ideas emerge from the press: on
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soviets didn’t have motive. Blum
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Moscow's line, with the national an
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154
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2.000 German speaking inhabitants).
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The Eastern Polish border was not r
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Army. The mayor of Lviv did not wan
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162
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Budapest, and for Warsaw. The two c
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could not destroy the Polish Air Fo
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independence, Romania was forced to
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importance for the events considere
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possible future opposition to the S
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ate of communists within the Jews o
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the initial positive feeling toward
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wanted to take revenge for the NKVD
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German Reactions A last point that
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The Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact - ELTE BTK Történelem Szakos Portál

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