The Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact - ELTE BTK Történelem Szakos Portál

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is not only official but historical since, for example, Pavel Daniline considers that „Poland would have been able to avoid the Nazi aggression by agreeing to give the Danzig Corridor, by concluding a pact of collective safety with France, Great Britain and the USSR”. For the German press which willingly compares the German and Russian cases, for whom the pact was a „trauma” 25 , if the Russians managed with Gorbatchev and the Perestroika „to assume” this Soviet past, they are now reconstructing this lead screed, this „silence” of the USSR’s years with, as their main weapon, a control of the information and the oversight (61% of interrogated Russians do not know that the Soviet troops invaded Poland on the 17 th of September 1939). And to limit the divergent views the Russian Duma has just voted (in May) a law which forbids to evoke Stalinist crimes between 1939 and 1941. It is what Michael Ludwig regrets, whose article’s title is: „A historical Picture without awkward interrogation marks” where he reminds that the Russian president has just created a commission which has „to chase away the falsifications of history which could rewrite history (of the Second World War) and damage the Russian interests” 26 . Marie Jégo binds this patriotism which is becoming „the defense of the pact” in the Russian-Georgian war of last August and this one prepares, according to her, a possible action in order to be able to get back Crimea, this „intrinsically Russian” land for the nationalists. 27 Who is interested in the German-Soviet pact 70 th anniversary’s remembrance in Germany and especially in France has, in some way, to thank Russia and its leaders’ rather provocative and sometimes revisionist statements, who finally, as they wished to limit the role of this pact in the release of the war, only provoked more talks about it. Conclusion To finish and to keep talking about Russia, on the 23 rd of September 2009, in an article entitled „The Georgian test”, Vaclev Havel, Daniel Cohn-Bendit, André Glucksmann, Bernard-Henri Lévy and Adam Michnik made the link between Munich and the German-Soviet pact on one side and on the other, the presence of Russian troops today on a part of the Georgian territory, and remind that „to regret or to celebrate past events doesn't present interest if we remain deaf to their teachings” 28 . This article has to be linked with another one published on the 27 th of August 2009 (one of the first ones if not the first one in France about the pact), „1939, the last dizzy spells before the war”, which tells the rather surrealist summer lived by French people in 1939. The subtitle is also 25 BRÖSSER, Daniel: Ein teuflischer Pakt. Süddeutsche Zeitung, 23 rd August 2009. 26 LUDWIG, Michael: Geschichtsbild ohne lästige Fragezeichen. FAZ, 23 rd August 2009. 27 JÉGO, Marie: Moscou tenté de réhabiliter le pacte. Le Monde, 30 th August 2009. 28 HAVEL, Vaclev, COHN-BENDIT, Daniel, GLUCKSMANN, André, LÉVY, Bernard- Henri and MICHNIK, Adam: Le test géorgien. Le Monde , 23 rd September 2009. 40
interesting: „Illusions. In summer 1939, France still enjoys itself. Whereas in Berlin, between bluff and arm wrestling, Hitler and the Allies lead a decisive diplomatic round. The war is for tomorrow” 29 . This indeed summarizes our whole study: the remembrance of an event such as the signature of the German-Soviet pact is important for the whole Europe, because this pact is certainly, above all, the result of the devilish alliance of two totalitarian powers, but it is also the result of the failure of the European democracies which were not able and/or did not want to defend earlier and more firmly democracy and freedom. The duty of memory as the Germans practice it, or at least their press, is thus necessary, for if we want to be able to „remember the lessons of History” 30 , it is necessary to know it and in all its details and variants in order to not becoming revisionist and nationalist. The remembrance of the German-Soviet, Ribentropp-Molotov or Hitler- Stalin pact signature has certainly nothing of the media charm that the fall of Berlin wall can have for example, but yet the quasi amnesia of the French press about this subject can be both incomprehensible and worrisome. We may have sometimes blamed Germany for living too much in the remembrance and in apologizing but we should neither be in the other extreme nor only remember what we want. 29 LORRAIN, François-Guillaume: 1939, derniers vertiges avant la guerre. Le Point, Nr. 1927, 27 th August 2009. 30 Vaclev Havel, Daniel Cohn-Bendit, André Glucksmann, Bernard-Henri Lévy and Adam Michnik, 'Le test géorgien', Le Monde , 23 rd September 2009. 41
Page 2 and 3: ISBN 978-963-284-164-9
Page 5 and 6: Unknown Clauses: The Background Dea
Page 7 and 8: CONTENTS Foreword (István MAJOROS,
Page 9 and 10: Foreword The world remembers in 200
Page 11: The Historical Judgement of the Mol
Page 14 and 15: went often on emotional instead of
Page 16 and 17: What is much more interesting is th
Page 18 and 19: such an international agreement as
Page 20 and 21: Text of the Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggress
Page 22 and 23: Done in duplicate, in the German an
Page 25 and 26: Lachaise, Bernard Historiography of
Page 27 and 28: Relations) are the focus of special
Page 29 and 30: Russian agreement (…) would allow
Page 31 and 32: Europe and on the French communists
Page 33 and 34: adopted a stance of denying the fac
Page 35 and 36: Ortolan, Guillaume The 70 th annive
Page 37 and 38: government (more than twenty) came,
Page 39 and 40: War. On the contrary, it shows that
Page 41: this anniversary and more widely of
Page 47 and 48: Kretschmann, Vasco The ideological
Page 49 and 50: One of the most influential associa
Page 51 and 52: Germanness in the provinces of West
Page 53 and 54: Prętkiewicz, Przemysław The syste
Page 55 and 56: interwar period and the treaty was
Page 57 and 58: situation of rising danger accepted
Page 59 and 60: Manchukuo and broke relations with
Page 61: I would like to finish my article w
Page 64 and 65: party itself but for the whole Slov
Page 66 and 67: In summary, the group of the „Mod
Page 68 and 69: make proposals or suggestions. 6 In
Page 70 and 71: (Aland), Hanko and the islands of t
Page 72 and 73: have had a less serious effect on t
Page 74 and 75: not expect strong resistance and ho
Page 77 and 78: Winkler, Paul Adolf Eichmann’s Vi
Page 79 and 80: individual offenders, 10 who used h
Page 81 and 82: esearch. But how could the suppress
Page 83 and 84: expert of this matter 29 and had as
Page 85 and 86: Arendt on the contrary is in the op
Page 87 and 88: the „matter”, where there was a
Page 89 and 90: adoption of the model it became cle
Page 91 and 92: of Eichmann. For that Heydrich deli
Page 93:
esistance […] but of logistics. N
Page 96 and 97:
British government refused to give
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ole in the defence of Madrid in Nov
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public doubt the democratic idea of
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Republicans. In the refugee camps i
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102
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iron? Where can one find more nicke
Page 108 and 109:
According to his diaries, the main
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announced: „We have no active all
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110
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negative, an analysis of the disapp
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can let think of an imminent war po
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de la guerre [il] ne fait que l'agg
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Party), the enemy of the inside. Of
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120
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Before the Pact M. Coulondre, the F
Page 126 and 127:
Lets us skip a few decades and list
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argain with. Hitler had an offer th
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secret protocol clarified that the
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to reach out for Russia through the
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of a war interesting rather on civi
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At the same moment, we can note an
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Faure 2 , remains hostile to war. I
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war can still be avoided in June 19
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acked by a „belligerent” coalit
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142
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agreement” sound anachronistic. E
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1939 between Germany and the Soviet
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Two ideas emerge from the press: on
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soviets didn’t have motive. Blum
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Moscow's line, with the national an
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154
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2.000 German speaking inhabitants).
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The Eastern Polish border was not r
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Army. The mayor of Lviv did not wan
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162
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Budapest, and for Warsaw. The two c
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could not destroy the Polish Air Fo
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independence, Romania was forced to
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importance for the events considere
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possible future opposition to the S
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ate of communists within the Jews o
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the initial positive feeling toward
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wanted to take revenge for the NKVD
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German Reactions A last point that
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