The Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact - ELTE BTK Történelem Szakos Portál

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Army. The mayor of Lviv did not want to surrender the city. Finally at the night between 21-22 th of September, the mayor of Lviv decided to surrender the city. The mayor of Lviv added conditions to the protocol of capitulation: 1. The autonomy of the city authorities has to be held. 2. The management of hospitals and schools has to be held. 3. Polish as an official language has to be held. 4. The freedom of confession has to be held. 26 General Langer signed the act of capitulation on the 22nd of September at 8 o’clock a.m. The act of capitulation was also signed by the Soviet agency. Soviets had an ambition to seize the city very quickly. In the Red Army there were officers who remembered the fact, when in 1920 Red Army could not seize Lviv. 27 On the same day the Red Army entered into the city. The agreement of capitulation guaranteed freedom for Polish officers and soldiers. Soviets did not keep their word. Most of the Polish officers were arrested and murdered by the NKVD (Народный Комиссариат Внутренних Дел) in 1940. Soviets rejected the conditions added by the mayor of Lviv to the protocol of capitulation. Later a large number of Polish professors were also arrested and finally deported to lagers or murdered. 28 Before September 1939 Lemberg had never been under Russian authority (except the short time from September 1914 to June 1915). Almost none of the inhabitants could speak Russian. On the 24 th of September general Langer was talking in Tarnopol (a city about 150 kilometers from Lviv) with Nikita Sergeyevich Khrushchev (Никита Сергеевич Хрущёв), who assured him of adhering to the agreements of capitulation. A few days later general Langer was transported to Moscow. On the 27 th of September the Polish mayor of Lviv Stanisław Ostrowski was arrested by the NKVD and transported later do Moscow. 29 On the 28 th of September the German-Soviet Boundary and Friendship Treaty was signed in Moscow by Ribbentrop and Molotov. After the „universal referendum” on the 31 th of October Lviv and eastern Galicia were formally included to the Soviet Union as a part of Ukrainian Soviet Republic. In the official propaganda the results of the referendum showed the political will of the inhabitants of Eastern Galicia to join to the Soviet Union, which had been expected even before the referendum. 30 After the referendum Molotov announced in Moscow: „the end of former Poland”. He said: „There is nothing left from the grotesque formation created by The Treaty of Versailles, which was 26 Ibidem. 58. 27 LEINWALD, Artur: Obrona Lwowa we wrześniu 1939 roku. In: Rocznik Lwowski [red.] WASYLKOWSKI, Janusz. Warszawa, 1992. 42. 28 DRAUS, Jan: Uniwersytet Jana Kazimierza we Lwowie 1918-1946. Portret kresowej uczelni. Kraków, 2007. 91-103. 29 Kronika 2350 dni wojny i okupacji Lwowa 1IX 1939 – 5 II 1946, [edited by] MAZUR, Grzegorz, SKWARA, Jerzy, WĘGIERSKI, Jerzy. Kraków, 2007. 67-69. 30 „Czerwony Sztandar” 18.10.1939; see also: „Czerwony Sztandar” 21.10.1939. 160
ased on oppressing non-Polish nations” 31 . This information was announced in „Czerwony Sztandar” („The Red Banner”) - a new newspaper published in Polish in Lviv from October 1939. A totally new era started in Lviv. Conclusion The events from September 1939 in Lviv were very spectacular. The third biggest city in Poland was not taken into account in Polish emergency defense plan from late August 1939. It was the reason why Lviv was an easy target for Nazi planes. Despite the badly prepared defence plan, general Władysław Langer was able to organize spontaneous defence, which involved many young people. The day of 17 th of September was a final „stab in the back” for the Polish state. Lviv was attacked by two large armies from two sides – which had not been predicted by the Polish government and the army. This situation perfectly shows the essence of the Ribbentrop-Molotov Pact. The Polish city had no chance to help them. General Langer and the mayor of Lviv had to choose one enemy to surrender the city. Actually they had no choice, because everything had been decided on the 23 rd of August 1939 in Moscow. Not so much later the Polish side found out the hard way that agreements signed by the aggressor would not be adhered to. The events from September 1939 also show two different attitudes of the Ukrainian community in Poland. Some of them were loyal to the Polish state, others committed sabotages cooperating with Nazis. To sum up, September in 1939 for Lviv and Lviv inhabitants started a totally new era. Before September 1939 Lviv had never been under Russian or Soviet authority. The city through hundreds of years belonged to Western European civilization. Poland and Central Europe lost definitely an important and interesting cultural and educational centre. The fact that Lviv das not belong to Poland nowadays is a result of the Ribbentrop-Molotov pact. 31 Kronika 2350 dni wojny i okupacji Lwowa 1IX 1939 – 5 II 1946, [edited by] MAZUR, Grzegorz, SKWARA, Jerzy, WĘGIERSKI, Jerzy. Kraków, 2007. 86. 161
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ISBN 978-963-284-164-9
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Unknown Clauses: The Background Dea
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CONTENTS Foreword (István MAJOROS,
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Foreword The world remembers in 200
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The Historical Judgement of the Mol
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went often on emotional instead of
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What is much more interesting is th
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such an international agreement as
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Text of the Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggress
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Done in duplicate, in the German an
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Lachaise, Bernard Historiography of
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Relations) are the focus of special
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Russian agreement (…) would allow
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Europe and on the French communists
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adopted a stance of denying the fac
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Ortolan, Guillaume The 70 th annive
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government (more than twenty) came,
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War. On the contrary, it shows that
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this anniversary and more widely of
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interesting: „Illusions. In summe
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Kretschmann, Vasco The ideological
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One of the most influential associa
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Germanness in the provinces of West
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Prętkiewicz, Przemysław The syste
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interwar period and the treaty was
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situation of rising danger accepted
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Manchukuo and broke relations with
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I would like to finish my article w
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party itself but for the whole Slov
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In summary, the group of the „Mod
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make proposals or suggestions. 6 In
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(Aland), Hanko and the islands of t
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have had a less serious effect on t
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not expect strong resistance and ho
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Winkler, Paul Adolf Eichmann’s Vi
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individual offenders, 10 who used h
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esearch. But how could the suppress
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expert of this matter 29 and had as
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Arendt on the contrary is in the op
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the „matter”, where there was a
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adoption of the model it became cle
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of Eichmann. For that Heydrich deli
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esistance […] but of logistics. N
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British government refused to give
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ole in the defence of Madrid in Nov
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public doubt the democratic idea of
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Republicans. In the refugee camps i
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102
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iron? Where can one find more nicke
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According to his diaries, the main
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announced: „We have no active all
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Page 114 and 115: negative, an analysis of the disapp
Page 116 and 117: can let think of an imminent war po
Page 118 and 119: de la guerre [il] ne fait que l'agg
Page 120 and 121: Party), the enemy of the inside. Of
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Page 124 and 125: Before the Pact M. Coulondre, the F
Page 126 and 127: Lets us skip a few decades and list
Page 128 and 129: argain with. Hitler had an offer th
Page 130 and 131: secret protocol clarified that the
Page 132 and 133: to reach out for Russia through the
Page 134 and 135: of a war interesting rather on civi
Page 136 and 137: At the same moment, we can note an
Page 138 and 139: Faure 2 , remains hostile to war. I
Page 140 and 141: war can still be avoided in June 19
Page 142 and 143: acked by a „belligerent” coalit
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Page 146 and 147: agreement” sound anachronistic. E
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Page 150 and 151: Two ideas emerge from the press: on
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Page 158 and 159: 2.000 German speaking inhabitants).
Page 160 and 161: The Eastern Polish border was not r
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Page 166 and 167: Budapest, and for Warsaw. The two c
Page 168 and 169: could not destroy the Polish Air Fo
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Page 172 and 173: importance for the events considere
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Page 176 and 177: ate of communists within the Jews o
Page 178 and 179: the initial positive feeling toward
Page 180 and 181: wanted to take revenge for the NKVD
Page 182 and 183: German Reactions A last point that
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The Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact - ELTE BTK Történelem Szakos Portál

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