The Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact - ELTE BTK Történelem Szakos Portál

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2.000 German speaking inhabitants). 5 There were almost no Russian inhabitants (There was only one small orthodox church in Lviv). A large part of Jewish intelligence was Polish-speaking. According to the religion data in 1931 in Lviv there lived: 157.000 Roman Catholic (50%), 100.000 Jews (32%), 50.000 Greek Catholic (16%), and 2.000 Protestants (0,6%). 6 Most of the Ukrainians were Greek Catholic, but there was a small group of Polish Greek Catholics too. 7 Lviv was the second important cultural and educational city in Poland after Warsaw. The University in Lviv was famous in whole Europe. There worked such famous professors as Stefan Banach and Roman Ingarden. Poland and Lviv at the turn of August and September 1939 In the between war period two important non-aggression pacts were signed by Poland. The Soviet–Polish Non-Aggression Pact was signed on 25 of July 1932 and on May 5 1934 was extended to December 31 1945. The German-Polish Non-Aggression Pact was signed on 26 of January 1934 for a period of 10 years. In August 1939, when the war was expected Poland started some preparations before the Nazi aggression. The Polish emergency defense plan „Zachód” („The West”) did not take Lviv into account because the city was far away from the Western border. A military garrison was stationed in Lviv, which, from February 1938, was commanded by general Władysław Langer. Infantry was the biggest part of the garrison. 8 The events which happened on the 1 st of September were first to show that the plan was not well-thought. On the 1 st of September at 11.30 a.m. Nazi aeroplanes started to bombard the city. 83 people were killed and 100 were injured. 9 In the evening of the 2 nd of September, when the message that France had declared war on Germany was popularized, plenty of people were singing the melody of the French national anthem near the residence of the French deputy, who went outside his house to listen to them. On the 3 rd of September Lviv railway station was bombarded. There were manifestations in front of the French and English consulates because of a declarement of war on Germany by France and England. On the 2 nd of September in the Polish Sejm (the lower chamber of the Polish parliament) in Warsaw Wasyl Mudry – the chairman of the Ukrainian political party (UNDO) 10 – assured of the loyalty of the Ukrainian community and also 5 WNĘK, Konrad, ZYBLIKIEWICZ, Lidia A., CALLAHAN, Ewa: Ludność nowoczesnego Lwowa w latach 1857-1938. Kraków, 2006. 263. 6 Ibidem. 249. 7 http://www.kki.pl/pioinf/przemysl/dzieje/rus/grekokatolicy.html 28.02.2010 8 WŁODARKIEWICZ,Wojciech: Lwów 1939. Warszawa, 2007. 16-18. 9 Kronika 2350 dni wojny i okupacji Lwowa 1IX 1939 – 5 II 1946, [edited by] MAZUR, Grzegorz, SKWARA, Jerzy, WĘGIERSKI, Jerzy. Kraków, 2007. 36. 10 Ukraińskie Zjednoczenie Narodowo-Demokratyczne (The Ukrainian National Democratic Alliance). From 1929 in Poland functioned also illegally another Ukrainian political party called 156
said that Germans are a common enemy for Ukrainians and Poles. 11 On the 5 th of September because of the fact that some Ukrainians committed sabotage, the Polish general Władysław Langer made a request to the Greek Catholic archbishop Andrej Szeptycki to maintain the peace. Archbishop Szeptycki wrote an official letter to Ukrainians with information that Germans are a common enemy for Poles and Ukrainians. 12 On the 7 th of September general Władysław Langer started to organize a regular defense of Lviv. At that time many Polish scouts and students took part in the defense. Most of them held weapon for the first time 13 . Despite the official letter of the Greek catholic archbishop some Ukrainians continued to commit sabotage cooperating with Nazis. On the 12 th of September the Nazi division, which was conducted by Ukrainians, omitted the Polish defense line and came to Lviv. The division was stopped by Polish counterattack. Polish inhabitants started to be afraid of Ukrainian citizens, and a few Ukrainians were shot without any judgment 14 . The command of the Nazi army was determined to seize Lviv as fast as possible. On the one hand it was an important military-strategic place. On the other hand, it was connected with the army’s prestige. 15 During the next days there were strong German bombardments. The Lviv power station, the gasworks and the municipal water supply system did not work. The city population grew by 100.000 people, who were refugees from the central Poland. A large part of them came from Warsaw, which was strongly attacked from the west side by the Nazi army. Food supplies started to run out. Lviv defending itself against two enemies The general head-quarters of the Red Army decided to attack Poland, on the 17 th of September, 2 hours after midnight the Soviet-Ukrainian Front under the command of general Semyon Konstantinovich Timoshenko (Семён Константинович Тимошенко) forced the Polish border. In the Soviet Radio general Molotov said: „The Soviet government commanded the Red Army to cross the Polish border in order to protect inhabitants of the West Ukraine” 16 . Organizacja Ukraińskich Nacjonalistów (Organisation of Ukrainian Nationalists) which was under the strong influence of the Nazi Germany. 11 WŁODARKIEWICZ,Wojciech: Lwów 1939. Warszawa, 2007. 41. 12 Kronika 2350 dni wojny i okupacji Lwowa 1IX 1939 – 5 II 1946, [edited by] MAZUR, Grzegorz, SKWARA, Jerzy, WĘGIERSKI, Jerzy. Kraków, 2007. 38. 13 Wspomnienia uczestników obrony Lwowa we wrześniu 1939 roku, [prepared by] WOJTYCZ, Janusz. Kraków, 2002. 102. 14 Kronika 2350 dni wojny i okupacji Lwowa 1IX 1939 – 5 II 1946, [edited by] MAZUR, Grzegorz, SKWARA, Jerzy, WĘGIERSKI, Jerzy. Kraków, 2007. 43. 15 LEINWALD, Artur: Obrona Lwowa we wrześniu 1939 roku. In: Rocznik Lwowski [red.] WASYLKOWSKI, Janusz. Warszawa, 1992. 37. 16 Ibidem. 50. 157
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ISBN 978-963-284-164-9
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Unknown Clauses: The Background Dea
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CONTENTS Foreword (István MAJOROS,
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Foreword The world remembers in 200
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The Historical Judgement of the Mol
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went often on emotional instead of
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What is much more interesting is th
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such an international agreement as
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Text of the Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggress
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Done in duplicate, in the German an
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Lachaise, Bernard Historiography of
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Relations) are the focus of special
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Russian agreement (…) would allow
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Europe and on the French communists
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adopted a stance of denying the fac
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Ortolan, Guillaume The 70 th annive
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government (more than twenty) came,
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War. On the contrary, it shows that
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this anniversary and more widely of
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interesting: „Illusions. In summe
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Kretschmann, Vasco The ideological
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One of the most influential associa
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Germanness in the provinces of West
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Prętkiewicz, Przemysław The syste
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interwar period and the treaty was
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situation of rising danger accepted
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Manchukuo and broke relations with
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I would like to finish my article w
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party itself but for the whole Slov
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In summary, the group of the „Mod
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make proposals or suggestions. 6 In
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(Aland), Hanko and the islands of t
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have had a less serious effect on t
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not expect strong resistance and ho
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Winkler, Paul Adolf Eichmann’s Vi
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individual offenders, 10 who used h
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esearch. But how could the suppress
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expert of this matter 29 and had as
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Arendt on the contrary is in the op
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the „matter”, where there was a
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adoption of the model it became cle
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of Eichmann. For that Heydrich deli
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esistance […] but of logistics. N
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British government refused to give
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ole in the defence of Madrid in Nov
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public doubt the democratic idea of
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Republicans. In the refugee camps i
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102
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iron? Where can one find more nicke
Page 108 and 109: According to his diaries, the main
Page 110 and 111: announced: „We have no active all
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Page 114 and 115: negative, an analysis of the disapp
Page 116 and 117: can let think of an imminent war po
Page 118 and 119: de la guerre [il] ne fait que l'agg
Page 120 and 121: Party), the enemy of the inside. Of
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Page 124 and 125: Before the Pact M. Coulondre, the F
Page 126 and 127: Lets us skip a few decades and list
Page 128 and 129: argain with. Hitler had an offer th
Page 130 and 131: secret protocol clarified that the
Page 132 and 133: to reach out for Russia through the
Page 134 and 135: of a war interesting rather on civi
Page 136 and 137: At the same moment, we can note an
Page 138 and 139: Faure 2 , remains hostile to war. I
Page 140 and 141: war can still be avoided in June 19
Page 142 and 143: acked by a „belligerent” coalit
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Page 146 and 147: agreement” sound anachronistic. E
Page 148 and 149: 1939 between Germany and the Soviet
Page 150 and 151: Two ideas emerge from the press: on
Page 152 and 153: soviets didn’t have motive. Blum
Page 154 and 155: Moscow's line, with the national an
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Page 160 and 161: The Eastern Polish border was not r
Page 162 and 163: Army. The mayor of Lviv did not wan
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Page 166 and 167: Budapest, and for Warsaw. The two c
Page 168 and 169: could not destroy the Polish Air Fo
Page 170 and 171: independence, Romania was forced to
Page 172 and 173: importance for the events considere
Page 174 and 175: possible future opposition to the S
Page 176 and 177: ate of communists within the Jews o
Page 178 and 179: the initial positive feeling toward
Page 180 and 181: wanted to take revenge for the NKVD
Page 182 and 183: German Reactions A last point that
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The Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact - ELTE BTK Történelem Szakos Portál

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