The Organization of Chipped-Stone Economies at Piedras Negras ...

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Figure 3.4: Two examples of hammerstone use-flakes from Piedras Negras (Operation 41). Upper flake, PN41E-34-1/1: dorsal, profile, and ventral views. Lower flake, PN41E- 33-2/2: dorsal and ventral views. 86
considered as second-degree evidence. The existence of hammerstone flakes, which were rarely used as tools themselves and likely were not exchanged as cutting or scraping tools, suggest that production activities occurred nearby. The third-degree production evidence includes various kinds of shatter, especially nodule shatter that was produced during the reduction of nodules and blanks. Shatter, or irregular flakes and chunks that do not feature normal flake morphology, was almost never used as cutting and scraping tools and probably was not removed from the residential group of its origin for exchange of any kind. Obsidian blade and flake debitage is categorized in a similar manner into first-, second-, and third-degree production evidence. These designations run under a different set of assumptions because the primary intended product was fine, prismatic pressure- blades, and not some other tool made from pressure blades. First-degree production evidence includes little used or unused third-series blades (see Chapter 6 for a full explanation of obsidian debitage types). The assumption is that a producing household had more access to blades, and was not forced to use every piece of available obsidian. Furthermore, production areas may feature more blade fragments resulting from the failure to remove a complete blade from the core. These kinds of blade fragments may not have been used, but rather thrown away along with other small blade-production debitage. Second-degree production evidence consists of third-series flakes and rejuvenation blades, second-series blades and flakes, distal rejuvenation pressure-blades, and exhausted cores. Since small third- and second-series pressure flakes were often not 87
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UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA RIVERSIDE
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Acknowledgements Foremost, I thank
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ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION The Or
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TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES
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5.4.1.1.5: Large laurel leaf biface
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7.2.1: Hypothesis 1……………
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6.2: Examples of possible pressure-
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LIST OF TABLES Chapter 4: Lithic Re
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the royal palace had more access to
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argued that most studies intended t
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The research presented here submits
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flakes of microcrystalline quartz,
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whereby data were recorded. The hyp
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ecause the debate actually concerns
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“technological-resource realm”
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and another chert production locale
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activities may in turn have given r
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Most of these studies are somewhat
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consequence of this perspective is
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study is but one more building bloc
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avoids the problem of how to charac
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and probably did, have multiple occ
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for them, but also the status of wh
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which represents nondiscursive prac
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ideology, hegemony, and similar con
Page 52 and 53: can overlap through religious and s
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Page 56 and 57: [A] relatively autonomous and struc
Page 58 and 59: materialize” (2000:140; my emphas
Page 60 and 61: itualized production should not be
Page 62 and 63: commonplace (cf. Childs 1998). Ritu
Page 64 and 65: [R]ituals employed during manufactu
Page 66 and 67: Another Aztec example indicates tha
Page 68 and 69: period documents, charters other fo
Page 70 and 71: Although this passage describes a s
Page 72 and 73: materials, such as the central Pet
Page 74 and 75: emergent craft ideologies, and an o
Page 76 and 77: not to say that production, even ri
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Page 80 and 81: information from new excavations is
Page 82 and 83: interpretation, are mentioned on Ea
Page 84 and 85: e interpreted as being structurally
Page 86 and 87: of his father, if we can consider t
Page 88 and 89: Figure 3.1: Teotihuacan-style mount
Page 90 and 91: Figure 3.3: Column altar Cache R-5-
Page 92 and 93: the city. Since the ceramic chronol
Page 94 and 95: some residential groups feature mor
Page 96 and 97: from the seat of power by many diff
Page 98 and 99: microcrystalline quartzes were rese
Page 100 and 101: eceived these scores from moderate
Page 104 and 105: used, they probably had a lesser ex
Page 106 and 107: typology chapters of this study, bu
Page 108 and 109: degree to which lithic production w
Page 110 and 111: Furthermore, general patterns of pr
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Page 114 and 115: and between nodules, which were sel
Page 116 and 117: of these materials are nodular flin
Page 118 and 119: eduction flakes found at the site (
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Page 122 and 123: Table 4.1 depicts the percentages b
Page 124 and 125: Table 4.2 depicts microcrystalline-
Page 126 and 127: from Ixtepeque, the opaque black co
Page 128 and 129: Table 4.3: Counts and percentages o
Page 130 and 131: Table 4.4: The total counts and wei
Page 132 and 133: Table 4.5 continued. 116
Page 138 and 139: 122
Page 140 and 141: According to the three spatial grou
Page 142 and 143: 4.2.2: Color and Quality of El Chay
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Page 146 and 147: quartz eccentrics from the two site
Page 148 and 149: systematic sourcing program for mic
Page 150 and 151: technological typology that focuses
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establishing chronologies, and also
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Aside from these speculative accoun
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combination of morphological and te
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Shafer and Hester (1983) also creat
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(in Rovner and Lewenstein 1997:23),
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primary technological trait, such a
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#1-Large Celt Biface, Thin Kidder 1
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#7-Large, Stemmed Biface Hester 198
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#20-Medium Circular Biface Rectangu
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#30-Small Stemmed Biface Ricketson
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typological variation also may stem
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This form is thoroughly described i
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Figure 5.3.2: Examples of thick cel
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Figure 5.4: A celtiform-biface frag
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describes the technology and morpho
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The working bit is produced by a si
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5.4.1.1.7: Large stemmed biface (se
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5.4.1.2: Medium-sized artifacts (8
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ased on proximal or medial fragment
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Figure 5.7: Medium-sized oval unifa
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medium-sized, laurel leaf unifaces
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leaf bifaces, which also can be par
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surface of a nodule reduction flake
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in some cases, be thoroughly chippe
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core such as is used in the Middle
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The small stemmed biface type also
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domestic archaeological record at P
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and northern Belize regions. During
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Figure 5.9: Microcrystalline-quartz
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Figure 5.10: Unifacially-worked lau
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they had the same meaning and value
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At Piedras Negras biface-reduction
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The goal of reduction would be to p
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5.6.3: Notching Flakes: Indirect Pe
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Figure 5.13: Evidence for the reduc
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5.6.7: Resharpening, Rejuvenation,
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CHAPTER 6 TYPOLOGY OF OBSIDIAN ARTI
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Figure 6.1: Exhausted obsidian blad
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Exhausted cylindrical cores are fou
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Figure 6.2: Examples of possible pr
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216
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face of the core. Clark and Bryant
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Figure 6.5: Percussion flakes remov
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Figure 6.7: Distal rejuvenation bla
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section, and then were prepared and
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Figure 6.9: Obsidian eccentrics tha
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Figure 6.11: Second-series pressure
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lade-core platforms at Piedras Negr
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Figure 6.13.1: Platform rejuvenatio
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termination was used as a platform
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Figure 6.16: Crested blade from Pie
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Figure 6.18: Distal rejuvenation fl
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this technique is on transforming t
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6.3.2: Some Implications of Single-
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differentiation in others. This is
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Figure 6.22: Cores notched by press
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Figure 6.24: Completely-bifaced fla
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specific types of debitage, only re
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for cylindrical cores. The edges of
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The debitage from the production of
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is understood to be the site core.
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Figure 7.2: Map of the acropolis at
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Figure 7.3: Map of Piedras Negras d
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inhabited up to the Kumche phase, a
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264
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area of the city. PN23 also appears
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The third and final spatial groupin
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270
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historical connection to previous i
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any other residential group at Pied
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Phase Cutting Edge to Mass Ratio Av
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An analysis of CE:M ratios and blad
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Site Op Phase Artifact Type Modific
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number of different ways. According
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It is true, however, that the major
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Site Operation Phase Area Non- prod
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Obsidian-Eccentric Types Yaxche Cha
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obsidian eccentrics, a likely scena
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debitage had a symbolic and economi
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anywhere from one to twenty years a
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Figure 7.11: Column altar Cache R-5
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etween the two samples of obsidian
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indicates they may have been associ
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Figure 7.15: Obsidian eccentrics in
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304
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although in a diminished quantity,
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anthropomorphized or characterized
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circumscribed, especially consideri
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Figures 7.20: Obsidian biface eccen
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as a potpourri of symbols and reduc
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continued, although in a minor way
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Figure 7.24: Refit of flake and bif
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tomb (Burial 10) and the tomb of Ru
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ut some of them (N=34) were late-st
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8.1: SUMMARY OF TEST RESULTS CHAPTE
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obsidian technologies differed from
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organization at the end of the Yaxc
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The symbolic nature of chipped-ston
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previously unrecognized patterns of
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conversion of symbolic capital may
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cache name contains the name of the
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BIBLIOGRAPHY Aldenderfer, Mark S. 1
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Child, Mark B. 1997 PN 18: Excavaci
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Comaroff, Jean, and John Comaroff 1
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Fedick, Scott 1991 Chert Tool Produ
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Golden, Charles 1998 PN 11: Excavac
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1991 Maya Stone Tools: Selected Pap
Page 366 and 367:
Hruby, Zachary X., Fred Nelson, and
Page 368 and 369:
Kovacevich, Brigitte 2003 Ritual, C
Page 370 and 371:
1992a Resources, Specialization, an
Page 372 and 373:
Nelson, Fred W, Jr. 1988 Trace Elem
Page 374 and 375:
Rands, Robert, and Ronald Bishop 19
Page 376 and 377:
Scholes, France V. and Ralph L. Roy
Page 378 and 379:
Spielmann, Katherine A. 1998 Ritual
Page 380 and 381:
Tozzer, Alfred M. 1941 Landa’s Re
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