The Organization of Chipped-Stone Economies at Piedras Negras ...

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describes the technology and morphology of these artifacts. Furthermore, most of the ventral surface of the original flake-blank remains, suggesting that this “flat” surface was essential to the function and morphology of the tool. The ventral surface probably was retained to maintain an acute angle close to the ventral surface, where resharpening could easily be executed. The percussion scars on the dorsal side of the flake-blank were completely removed by percussion, perhaps to maintain a curved working bit. Most of these tool forms are referred to as adzes in published works (see Andrews and Rovner 1973). The working bit was sometimes polished (e.g., the medium celtiform uniface; Figure 5.2, #12). The medium-sized versions of this form seem to have had their own production trajectory. At other times, however, what appear to be medium celtiform unifaces were actually the product of the resharpening of large-biface fragments. These pieces are made using direct, hard-hammer percussion, and with coarse-to-medium grade cherts. 5.4.1.1.4: Large, tranchet celtiform biface (see Figure 5.2 #4). This type was manufactured by direct percussion (see Shafer and Hester 1983 for a detailed description of the reduction process). They are at least 12 cm long, and are wider at the distal end of the tool than the proximal. The sharp, distal bit of the tool was made by laterally removing a long, curved flake from the biface preform. A razor-like bit was a desired result of the reduction process. Tranchet technology is what defines this type, which is only found in the eastern area of the Maya Lowlands, especially in northern Belize, during the Preclassic period. 164
Figure 5.5: Minor working on the ventral surface of a celtiform uniface from Piedras Negras. Photograph by Zachary X. Hruby. 165
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UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA RIVERSIDE
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Acknowledgements Foremost, I thank
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ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION The Or
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TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES
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5.4.1.1.5: Large laurel leaf biface
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7.2.1: Hypothesis 1……………
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6.2: Examples of possible pressure-
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LIST OF TABLES Chapter 4: Lithic Re
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the royal palace had more access to
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argued that most studies intended t
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The research presented here submits
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flakes of microcrystalline quartz,
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whereby data were recorded. The hyp
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ecause the debate actually concerns
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“technological-resource realm”
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and another chert production locale
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activities may in turn have given r
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Most of these studies are somewhat
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consequence of this perspective is
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study is but one more building bloc
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avoids the problem of how to charac
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and probably did, have multiple occ
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for them, but also the status of wh
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which represents nondiscursive prac
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ideology, hegemony, and similar con
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can overlap through religious and s
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the codification of belief implies
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[A] relatively autonomous and struc
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materialize” (2000:140; my emphas
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itualized production should not be
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commonplace (cf. Childs 1998). Ritu
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[R]ituals employed during manufactu
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Another Aztec example indicates tha
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period documents, charters other fo
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Although this passage describes a s
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materials, such as the central Pet
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emergent craft ideologies, and an o
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not to say that production, even ri
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Pennsylvania that yielded an import
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information from new excavations is
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interpretation, are mentioned on Ea
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e interpreted as being structurally
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of his father, if we can consider t
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Figure 3.1: Teotihuacan-style mount
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Figure 3.3: Column altar Cache R-5-
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the city. Since the ceramic chronol
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some residential groups feature mor
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from the seat of power by many diff
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microcrystalline quartzes were rese
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eceived these scores from moderate
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Figure 3.4: Two examples of hammers
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used, they probably had a lesser ex
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typology chapters of this study, bu
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degree to which lithic production w
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Furthermore, general patterns of pr
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previously (see Chapter 5). A typol
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and between nodules, which were sel
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of these materials are nodular flin
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eduction flakes found at the site (
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104
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Table 4.1 depicts the percentages b
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Table 4.2 depicts microcrystalline-
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from Ixtepeque, the opaque black co
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Table 4.3: Counts and percentages o
Page 130 and 131: Table 4.4: The total counts and wei
Page 132 and 133: Table 4.5 continued. 116
Page 138 and 139: 122
Page 140 and 141: According to the three spatial grou
Page 142 and 143: 4.2.2: Color and Quality of El Chay
Page 144 and 145: 128
Page 146 and 147: quartz eccentrics from the two site
Page 148 and 149: systematic sourcing program for mic
Page 150 and 151: technological typology that focuses
Page 152 and 153: establishing chronologies, and also
Page 154 and 155: Aside from these speculative accoun
Page 156 and 157: combination of morphological and te
Page 158 and 159: Shafer and Hester (1983) also creat
Page 160 and 161: (in Rovner and Lewenstein 1997:23),
Page 162 and 163: primary technological trait, such a
Page 164 and 165: #1-Large Celt Biface, Thin Kidder 1
Page 166 and 167: #7-Large, Stemmed Biface Hester 198
Page 168 and 169: #20-Medium Circular Biface Rectangu
Page 170 and 171: #30-Small Stemmed Biface Ricketson
Page 172 and 173: typological variation also may stem
Page 174 and 175: This form is thoroughly described i
Page 176 and 177: Figure 5.3.2: Examples of thick cel
Page 178 and 179: Figure 5.4: A celtiform-biface frag
Page 182 and 183: The working bit is produced by a si
Page 184 and 185: 5.4.1.1.7: Large stemmed biface (se
Page 186 and 187: 5.4.1.2: Medium-sized artifacts (8
Page 188 and 189: ased on proximal or medial fragment
Page 190 and 191: Figure 5.7: Medium-sized oval unifa
Page 192 and 193: medium-sized, laurel leaf unifaces
Page 194 and 195: leaf bifaces, which also can be par
Page 196 and 197: surface of a nodule reduction flake
Page 198 and 199: in some cases, be thoroughly chippe
Page 200 and 201: core such as is used in the Middle
Page 202 and 203: The small stemmed biface type also
Page 204 and 205: domestic archaeological record at P
Page 206 and 207: and northern Belize regions. During
Page 208 and 209: Figure 5.9: Microcrystalline-quartz
Page 210 and 211: Figure 5.10: Unifacially-worked lau
Page 212 and 213: they had the same meaning and value
Page 214 and 215: At Piedras Negras biface-reduction
Page 216 and 217: The goal of reduction would be to p
Page 218 and 219: 5.6.3: Notching Flakes: Indirect Pe
Page 220 and 221: Figure 5.13: Evidence for the reduc
Page 222 and 223: 5.6.7: Resharpening, Rejuvenation,
Page 224 and 225: CHAPTER 6 TYPOLOGY OF OBSIDIAN ARTI
Page 226 and 227: Figure 6.1: Exhausted obsidian blad
Page 228 and 229: Exhausted cylindrical cores are fou
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Figure 6.2: Examples of possible pr
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216
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face of the core. Clark and Bryant
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Figure 6.5: Percussion flakes remov
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Figure 6.7: Distal rejuvenation bla
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section, and then were prepared and
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Figure 6.9: Obsidian eccentrics tha
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Figure 6.11: Second-series pressure
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lade-core platforms at Piedras Negr
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Figure 6.13.1: Platform rejuvenatio
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termination was used as a platform
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Figure 6.16: Crested blade from Pie
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Figure 6.18: Distal rejuvenation fl
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this technique is on transforming t
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6.3.2: Some Implications of Single-
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differentiation in others. This is
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Figure 6.22: Cores notched by press
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Figure 6.24: Completely-bifaced fla
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specific types of debitage, only re
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for cylindrical cores. The edges of
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The debitage from the production of
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is understood to be the site core.
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Figure 7.2: Map of the acropolis at
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Figure 7.3: Map of Piedras Negras d
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inhabited up to the Kumche phase, a
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264
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area of the city. PN23 also appears
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The third and final spatial groupin
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270
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historical connection to previous i
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any other residential group at Pied
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Phase Cutting Edge to Mass Ratio Av
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An analysis of CE:M ratios and blad
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Site Op Phase Artifact Type Modific
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number of different ways. According
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It is true, however, that the major
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Site Operation Phase Area Non- prod
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Obsidian-Eccentric Types Yaxche Cha
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obsidian eccentrics, a likely scena
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debitage had a symbolic and economi
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anywhere from one to twenty years a
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Figure 7.11: Column altar Cache R-5
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etween the two samples of obsidian
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indicates they may have been associ
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Figure 7.15: Obsidian eccentrics in
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304
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although in a diminished quantity,
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anthropomorphized or characterized
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circumscribed, especially consideri
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Figures 7.20: Obsidian biface eccen
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as a potpourri of symbols and reduc
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continued, although in a minor way
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Figure 7.24: Refit of flake and bif
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tomb (Burial 10) and the tomb of Ru
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ut some of them (N=34) were late-st
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8.1: SUMMARY OF TEST RESULTS CHAPTE
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obsidian technologies differed from
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organization at the end of the Yaxc
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The symbolic nature of chipped-ston
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previously unrecognized patterns of
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conversion of symbolic capital may
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cache name contains the name of the
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BIBLIOGRAPHY Aldenderfer, Mark S. 1
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Child, Mark B. 1997 PN 18: Excavaci
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Comaroff, Jean, and John Comaroff 1
Page 360 and 361:
Fedick, Scott 1991 Chert Tool Produ
Page 362 and 363:
Golden, Charles 1998 PN 11: Excavac
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1991 Maya Stone Tools: Selected Pap
Page 366 and 367:
Hruby, Zachary X., Fred Nelson, and
Page 368 and 369:
Kovacevich, Brigitte 2003 Ritual, C
Page 370 and 371:
1992a Resources, Specialization, an
Page 372 and 373:
Nelson, Fred W, Jr. 1988 Trace Elem
Page 374 and 375:
Rands, Robert, and Ronald Bishop 19
Page 376 and 377:
Scholes, France V. and Ralph L. Roy
Page 378 and 379:
Spielmann, Katherine A. 1998 Ritual
Page 380 and 381:
Tozzer, Alfred M. 1941 Landa’s Re
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