The Organization of Chipped-Stone Economies at Piedras Negras ...

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An analysis of CE:M ratios and blade widths indicates that there were indeed variable reduction strategies and changes in efficiency over time. Table 7.2 reveals how CE:M ratios decrease, indicating that obsidian was reduced more efficiently in earlier times than later on. A number of explanations can be made for this pattern, such as: (1) obsidian became increasingly available over time; and (2) the general skill-level of knappers in the city declined over time. This pattern seems counterintuitive, because there is less evidence that percussion-prepared cores were imported to the site at the onset of the Chacalhaaz phase. Fewer eccentrics were made out of percussion blades and flakes with original percussion scars on their dorsal surfaces, and one would expect that blade efficiency would increase if the cores were imported to the site already reduced by pressure. However, this does not appear to be the case. Skill level appears to decline, according to CE:M ratios, and the cause may be more widespread reduction of blade- cores, by less-skilled laborers, in the city center during the Chacalhaaz phase. Another interesting pattern is that blades from producing household groups tend to have a higher CE:M ratios. One possible reason, other than higher skill-level, is that sturdier blades may have been more valuable in trade interactions, and smaller, thinner blades may have been less valuable and, hence, were retained for use within the producing household. The correlation is tight for Chacalhaaz times, but the Yaxche phase reveals no such pattern. Anomalies in the CE:M ratio for Yaxche are difficult to understand, and may be due to smaller samples for this time period. In any case, the correlation between CE:M and producing residential groups may be significant, but this idea requires further study. 278
Site Op Phase Artifact Type Modification PN 15 No Date Exhausted Core Bipolar PN 15 No Date Notched 3s Blade Ground Arris PN 23 Early Chacalhaaz Exhausted Core Bipolar PN 33 Chacalhaaz Platform Rejuvenation Flake Bipolar PN 33 Chacalhaaz Pressure Flake PN 33 Chacalhaaz Percussion Flake Partial Notch PN 33 Chacalhaaz Notching Flake PN 33 Chacalhaaz Notched 3s Blade PN 33 Chacalhaaz Notching Flake PN 33 Chacalhaaz Distal Rejuvenation Flake Bipolar From Proximal End of Core PN 33 Chacalhaaz Percussion Blade Failed Eccentric PN 33 Chacalhaaz Bipolar Flake PN 33 Chacalhaaz Exhausted Core Bipolar PN 33 Late Chacalhaaz Distal Rejuvenation Blade Bipolar PN 33 Late Chacalhaaz Pressure Flake PN 33 Late Chacalhaaz Platform Rejuvenation Flake Bipolar PN 33 Late Chacalhaaz Bipolar Flake PN 33 Early Chacalhaaz Platform Rejuvenation Flake Failed Eccentric PN 33 Early Chacalhaaz Exhausted Core Bipolar PN 33 Early Chacalhaaz Bipolar Flake Burin Spall? PN 33 Kumche Distal Rejuvenation Flake Failed Eccentric PN 33 Kumche Notching Flake PN 33 Yaxche Platform Rejuvenation Flake Bipolar PN 33 Yaxche Distal Rejuvenation Blade PN 37 Yaxche Pressure Flake PN 39 No Date Percussion Blade Possible notching Table 7.3: List of production evidence for obsidian eccentrics. 279
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UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA RIVERSIDE
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Acknowledgements Foremost, I thank
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ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION The Or
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TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES
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5.4.1.1.5: Large laurel leaf biface
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7.2.1: Hypothesis 1……………
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6.2: Examples of possible pressure-
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LIST OF TABLES Chapter 4: Lithic Re
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the royal palace had more access to
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argued that most studies intended t
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The research presented here submits
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flakes of microcrystalline quartz,
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whereby data were recorded. The hyp
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ecause the debate actually concerns
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“technological-resource realm”
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and another chert production locale
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activities may in turn have given r
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Most of these studies are somewhat
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consequence of this perspective is
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study is but one more building bloc
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avoids the problem of how to charac
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and probably did, have multiple occ
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for them, but also the status of wh
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which represents nondiscursive prac
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ideology, hegemony, and similar con
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can overlap through religious and s
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the codification of belief implies
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[A] relatively autonomous and struc
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materialize” (2000:140; my emphas
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itualized production should not be
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commonplace (cf. Childs 1998). Ritu
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[R]ituals employed during manufactu
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Another Aztec example indicates tha
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period documents, charters other fo
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Although this passage describes a s
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materials, such as the central Pet
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emergent craft ideologies, and an o
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not to say that production, even ri
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Pennsylvania that yielded an import
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information from new excavations is
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interpretation, are mentioned on Ea
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e interpreted as being structurally
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of his father, if we can consider t
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Figure 3.1: Teotihuacan-style mount
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Figure 3.3: Column altar Cache R-5-
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the city. Since the ceramic chronol
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some residential groups feature mor
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from the seat of power by many diff
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microcrystalline quartzes were rese
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eceived these scores from moderate
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Figure 3.4: Two examples of hammers
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used, they probably had a lesser ex
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typology chapters of this study, bu
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degree to which lithic production w
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Furthermore, general patterns of pr
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previously (see Chapter 5). A typol
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and between nodules, which were sel
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of these materials are nodular flin
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eduction flakes found at the site (
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104
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Table 4.1 depicts the percentages b
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Table 4.2 depicts microcrystalline-
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from Ixtepeque, the opaque black co
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Table 4.3: Counts and percentages o
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Table 4.4: The total counts and wei
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Table 4.5 continued. 116
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122
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According to the three spatial grou
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4.2.2: Color and Quality of El Chay
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128
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quartz eccentrics from the two site
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systematic sourcing program for mic
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technological typology that focuses
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establishing chronologies, and also
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Aside from these speculative accoun
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combination of morphological and te
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Shafer and Hester (1983) also creat
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(in Rovner and Lewenstein 1997:23),
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primary technological trait, such a
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#1-Large Celt Biface, Thin Kidder 1
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#7-Large, Stemmed Biface Hester 198
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#20-Medium Circular Biface Rectangu
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#30-Small Stemmed Biface Ricketson
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typological variation also may stem
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This form is thoroughly described i
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Figure 5.3.2: Examples of thick cel
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Figure 5.4: A celtiform-biface frag
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describes the technology and morpho
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The working bit is produced by a si
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5.4.1.1.7: Large stemmed biface (se
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5.4.1.2: Medium-sized artifacts (8
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ased on proximal or medial fragment
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Figure 5.7: Medium-sized oval unifa
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medium-sized, laurel leaf unifaces
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leaf bifaces, which also can be par
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surface of a nodule reduction flake
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in some cases, be thoroughly chippe
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core such as is used in the Middle
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The small stemmed biface type also
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domestic archaeological record at P
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and northern Belize regions. During
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Figure 5.9: Microcrystalline-quartz
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Figure 5.10: Unifacially-worked lau
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they had the same meaning and value
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At Piedras Negras biface-reduction
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The goal of reduction would be to p
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5.6.3: Notching Flakes: Indirect Pe
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Figure 5.13: Evidence for the reduc
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5.6.7: Resharpening, Rejuvenation,
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CHAPTER 6 TYPOLOGY OF OBSIDIAN ARTI
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Figure 6.1: Exhausted obsidian blad
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Exhausted cylindrical cores are fou
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Figure 6.2: Examples of possible pr
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216
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face of the core. Clark and Bryant
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Figure 6.5: Percussion flakes remov
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Figure 6.7: Distal rejuvenation bla
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section, and then were prepared and
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Figure 6.9: Obsidian eccentrics tha
Page 244 and 245: Figure 6.11: Second-series pressure
Page 246 and 247: lade-core platforms at Piedras Negr
Page 248 and 249: Figure 6.13.1: Platform rejuvenatio
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Page 252 and 253: Figure 6.16: Crested blade from Pie
Page 254 and 255: Figure 6.18: Distal rejuvenation fl
Page 256 and 257: this technique is on transforming t
Page 258 and 259: 6.3.2: Some Implications of Single-
Page 260 and 261: differentiation in others. This is
Page 262 and 263: Figure 6.22: Cores notched by press
Page 264 and 265: Figure 6.24: Completely-bifaced fla
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Page 268 and 269: for cylindrical cores. The edges of
Page 270 and 271: The debitage from the production of
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Page 274 and 275: Figure 7.2: Map of the acropolis at
Page 276 and 277: Figure 7.3: Map of Piedras Negras d
Page 278 and 279: inhabited up to the Kumche phase, a
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Page 282 and 283: area of the city. PN23 also appears
Page 284 and 285: The third and final spatial groupin
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Page 288 and 289: historical connection to previous i
Page 290 and 291: any other residential group at Pied
Page 292 and 293: Phase Cutting Edge to Mass Ratio Av
Page 296 and 297: Site Op Phase Artifact Type Modific
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Page 300 and 301: It is true, however, that the major
Page 302 and 303: Site Operation Phase Area Non- prod
Page 304 and 305: Obsidian-Eccentric Types Yaxche Cha
Page 306 and 307: obsidian eccentrics, a likely scena
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Page 310 and 311: anywhere from one to twenty years a
Page 312 and 313: Figure 7.11: Column altar Cache R-5
Page 314 and 315: etween the two samples of obsidian
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Page 318 and 319: Figure 7.15: Obsidian eccentrics in
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Page 322 and 323: although in a diminished quantity,
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Page 326 and 327: circumscribed, especially consideri
Page 328 and 329: Figures 7.20: Obsidian biface eccen
Page 330 and 331: as a potpourri of symbols and reduc
Page 332 and 333: continued, although in a minor way
Page 334 and 335: Figure 7.24: Refit of flake and bif
Page 336 and 337: tomb (Burial 10) and the tomb of Ru
Page 338 and 339: ut some of them (N=34) were late-st
Page 340 and 341: 8.1: SUMMARY OF TEST RESULTS CHAPTE
Page 342 and 343: obsidian technologies differed from
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organization at the end of the Yaxc
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The symbolic nature of chipped-ston
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previously unrecognized patterns of
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conversion of symbolic capital may
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cache name contains the name of the
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BIBLIOGRAPHY Aldenderfer, Mark S. 1
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Child, Mark B. 1997 PN 18: Excavaci
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Comaroff, Jean, and John Comaroff 1
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Fedick, Scott 1991 Chert Tool Produ
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Golden, Charles 1998 PN 11: Excavac
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1991 Maya Stone Tools: Selected Pap
Page 366 and 367:
Hruby, Zachary X., Fred Nelson, and
Page 368 and 369:
Kovacevich, Brigitte 2003 Ritual, C
Page 370 and 371:
1992a Resources, Specialization, an
Page 372 and 373:
Nelson, Fred W, Jr. 1988 Trace Elem
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Rands, Robert, and Ronald Bishop 19
Page 376 and 377:
Scholes, France V. and Ralph L. Roy
Page 378 and 379:
Spielmann, Katherine A. 1998 Ritual
Page 380 and 381:
Tozzer, Alfred M. 1941 Landa’s Re
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