The Organization of Chipped-Stone Economies at Piedras Negras ...

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7.2.1: Hypothesis 1……………………………………………….... 258 7.2.1.1: Distributional data for microcrystalline-quartz artifacts. ………………………………………………….… 259 7.2.1.2: Obsidian distributional data. ………………….…... 269 7.2.1.3: Summary of production evidence. …………….….. 278 7.2.2: Hypothesis 2……………………………………………….... 279 7.3: HYPOTHESIS SET 2: SYMBOLISM AND VALUE OF DEBITAGE AND CHIPPED-STONE ECCENTRICS…………………… 282 7.3.1: Hypothesis 3……………………………………………….... 282 7.3.2: Hypothesis 4……………………………………………….... 287 7.3.2.1: A comparison of Caches R-5-4 and R-5-6. ………..289 7.3.2.2: Technological change through time in Piedras Negras eccentrics. ……………………………………….… 307 7.3.2.3: Other examples of the ritual use of debitage. …….. 313 CHAPTER 8: CONCLUSIONS…………………………………………… 321 8.1: SUMMARY OF TEST RESULTS……………………………………. 321 8.2: RITUAL PRODUCTION AND DEPOSITION OF CHIPPED- STONE GOODS…………………………………………………………… 326 NOTES…………………………………………………………………………… 332 BIBLIOGRAPHY……………………………………………………………... 335 xii
LIST OF FIGURES Chapter 3: Previous and Present Research at Piedras Negras 3.1: Teotihuacan-style façade on the acropolis at Piedras Negras, Acanceh, and Copán. ……………………………………………………… 71 3.2: Effigy atlatl dart point from Piedras Negras Cache O-13-57. ………... 72 3.3: Column altar Cache R-5-4 at Piedras Negras. ………………………... 73 3.4: Two examples of hammerstone use-flakes from Piedras Negras (Operation 41). Upper flake, PN41E-34-1/1: dorsal, profile, and ventral views. Lower flake, PN41E-33-2/2: dorsal and ventral views. …………… 85 Chapter 4: Lithic Resources and the Piedras Negras Sample 4.1: Map of Piedras Negras and known chert outcrops below the site center. ……………………………………………………………………… 95 4.2: A stone tool from Piedras Negras made from grey chert: plan and profile views. ……………………………………………………………………… 99 Chapter 5: Microcrystalline-Quartz Artifact Types 5.1: Stemmed biface from Piedras Negras. ………………………………... 138 5.2: Morpho-technological typology of microcrystalline-quartz tools. …… 144 5.3.1: Example of a thin celtiform-biface from Piedras Negras. ………….. 156 5.3.2: Examples of thick celtiform-bifaces from Piedras Negras. ………… 157 5.4: A celtiform biface fragment with polished bit at the distal end (bottom). …………………………………………………………………... 159 5.5: Minor working on the ventral surface of a celtiform uniface from Piedras Negras. ……………………………………………………………. 162 5.6: A partially reworked impact fracture on a medium-sized celtiform biface. ……………………………………………………………………... 168 5.7: Medium-sized oval uniface from Piedras Negras. …………………… 171 5.8 Small, side-notched celtiform uniface, or arrowhead, from Piedras Negras. …………………………………………………………………….. 180 5.9: Microcrystalline quartz notched-flake eccentric from Cache R-5-4. … 189 5.10: Unifacially-worked laurel leaf with side-notches from Cache C-13-2. ……………………………………………………………... 191 5.11: Partially-worked biface eccentric from Piedras Negras. ……………. 192 5.12: Fully-worked biface eccentric from Piedras Negras. ……………….. 194 5.13: Evidence for the reduction of microcrystalline-quartz polyhedral cores at Piedras Negras: a possible blade-core, which was heavily polished. …………………………………………………………………… 201 5.14: Evidence for the reduction of microcrystalline-quartz polyhedral cores at Piedras Negras: percussion blade fragments. ………………………………202 Chapter 6: Typology of Obsidian Artifacts 6.1: Exhausted obsidian blade-cores at Piedras Negras. ………………….. 207 xiii
Page 1 and 2: UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA RIVERSIDE
Page 4 and 5: Acknowledgements Foremost, I thank
Page 6 and 7: ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION The Or
Page 8 and 9: TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES
Page 10 and 11: 5.4.1.1.5: Large laurel leaf biface
Page 14 and 15: 6.2: Examples of possible pressure-
Page 16 and 17: LIST OF TABLES Chapter 4: Lithic Re
Page 18 and 19: the royal palace had more access to
Page 20 and 21: argued that most studies intended t
Page 22 and 23: The research presented here submits
Page 24 and 25: flakes of microcrystalline quartz,
Page 26 and 27: whereby data were recorded. The hyp
Page 28 and 29: ecause the debate actually concerns
Page 30 and 31: “technological-resource realm”
Page 32 and 33: and another chert production locale
Page 34 and 35: activities may in turn have given r
Page 36 and 37: Most of these studies are somewhat
Page 38 and 39: consequence of this perspective is
Page 40 and 41: study is but one more building bloc
Page 42 and 43: avoids the problem of how to charac
Page 44 and 45: and probably did, have multiple occ
Page 46 and 47: for them, but also the status of wh
Page 48 and 49: which represents nondiscursive prac
Page 50 and 51: ideology, hegemony, and similar con
Page 52 and 53: can overlap through religious and s
Page 54 and 55: the codification of belief implies
Page 56 and 57: [A] relatively autonomous and struc
Page 58 and 59: materialize” (2000:140; my emphas
Page 60 and 61: itualized production should not be
Page 62 and 63:
commonplace (cf. Childs 1998). Ritu
Page 64 and 65:
[R]ituals employed during manufactu
Page 66 and 67:
Another Aztec example indicates tha
Page 68 and 69:
period documents, charters other fo
Page 70 and 71:
Although this passage describes a s
Page 72 and 73:
materials, such as the central Pet
Page 74 and 75:
emergent craft ideologies, and an o
Page 76 and 77:
not to say that production, even ri
Page 78 and 79:
Pennsylvania that yielded an import
Page 80 and 81:
information from new excavations is
Page 82 and 83:
interpretation, are mentioned on Ea
Page 84 and 85:
e interpreted as being structurally
Page 86 and 87:
of his father, if we can consider t
Page 88 and 89:
Figure 3.1: Teotihuacan-style mount
Page 90 and 91:
Figure 3.3: Column altar Cache R-5-
Page 92 and 93:
the city. Since the ceramic chronol
Page 94 and 95:
some residential groups feature mor
Page 96 and 97:
from the seat of power by many diff
Page 98 and 99:
microcrystalline quartzes were rese
Page 100 and 101:
eceived these scores from moderate
Page 102 and 103:
Figure 3.4: Two examples of hammers
Page 104 and 105:
used, they probably had a lesser ex
Page 106 and 107:
typology chapters of this study, bu
Page 108 and 109:
degree to which lithic production w
Page 110 and 111:
Furthermore, general patterns of pr
Page 112 and 113:
previously (see Chapter 5). A typol
Page 114 and 115:
and between nodules, which were sel
Page 116 and 117:
of these materials are nodular flin
Page 118 and 119:
eduction flakes found at the site (
Page 120 and 121:
104
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Table 4.1 depicts the percentages b
Page 124 and 125:
Table 4.2 depicts microcrystalline-
Page 126 and 127:
from Ixtepeque, the opaque black co
Page 128 and 129:
Table 4.3: Counts and percentages o
Page 130 and 131:
Table 4.4: The total counts and wei
Page 132 and 133:
Table 4.5 continued. 116
Page 134 and 135:
Page 136 and 137:
Page 138 and 139:
122
Page 140 and 141:
According to the three spatial grou
Page 142 and 143:
4.2.2: Color and Quality of El Chay
Page 144 and 145:
128
Page 146 and 147:
quartz eccentrics from the two site
Page 148 and 149:
systematic sourcing program for mic
Page 150 and 151:
technological typology that focuses
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establishing chronologies, and also
Page 154 and 155:
Aside from these speculative accoun
Page 156 and 157:
combination of morphological and te
Page 158 and 159:
Shafer and Hester (1983) also creat
Page 160 and 161:
(in Rovner and Lewenstein 1997:23),
Page 162 and 163:
primary technological trait, such a
Page 164 and 165:
#1-Large Celt Biface, Thin Kidder 1
Page 166 and 167:
#7-Large, Stemmed Biface Hester 198
Page 168 and 169:
#20-Medium Circular Biface Rectangu
Page 170 and 171:
#30-Small Stemmed Biface Ricketson
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typological variation also may stem
Page 174 and 175:
This form is thoroughly described i
Page 176 and 177:
Figure 5.3.2: Examples of thick cel
Page 178 and 179:
Figure 5.4: A celtiform-biface frag
Page 180 and 181:
describes the technology and morpho
Page 182 and 183:
The working bit is produced by a si
Page 184 and 185:
5.4.1.1.7: Large stemmed biface (se
Page 186 and 187:
5.4.1.2: Medium-sized artifacts (8
Page 188 and 189:
ased on proximal or medial fragment
Page 190 and 191:
Figure 5.7: Medium-sized oval unifa
Page 192 and 193:
medium-sized, laurel leaf unifaces
Page 194 and 195:
leaf bifaces, which also can be par
Page 196 and 197:
surface of a nodule reduction flake
Page 198 and 199:
in some cases, be thoroughly chippe
Page 200 and 201:
core such as is used in the Middle
Page 202 and 203:
The small stemmed biface type also
Page 204 and 205:
domestic archaeological record at P
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and northern Belize regions. During
Page 208 and 209:
Figure 5.9: Microcrystalline-quartz
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Figure 5.10: Unifacially-worked lau
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they had the same meaning and value
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At Piedras Negras biface-reduction
Page 216 and 217:
The goal of reduction would be to p
Page 218 and 219:
5.6.3: Notching Flakes: Indirect Pe
Page 220 and 221:
Figure 5.13: Evidence for the reduc
Page 222 and 223:
5.6.7: Resharpening, Rejuvenation,
Page 224 and 225:
CHAPTER 6 TYPOLOGY OF OBSIDIAN ARTI
Page 226 and 227:
Figure 6.1: Exhausted obsidian blad
Page 228 and 229:
Exhausted cylindrical cores are fou
Page 230 and 231:
Figure 6.2: Examples of possible pr
Page 232 and 233:
216
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face of the core. Clark and Bryant
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Figure 6.5: Percussion flakes remov
Page 238 and 239:
Figure 6.7: Distal rejuvenation bla
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section, and then were prepared and
Page 242 and 243:
Figure 6.9: Obsidian eccentrics tha
Page 244 and 245:
Figure 6.11: Second-series pressure
Page 246 and 247:
lade-core platforms at Piedras Negr
Page 248 and 249:
Figure 6.13.1: Platform rejuvenatio
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termination was used as a platform
Page 252 and 253:
Figure 6.16: Crested blade from Pie
Page 254 and 255:
Figure 6.18: Distal rejuvenation fl
Page 256 and 257:
this technique is on transforming t
Page 258 and 259:
6.3.2: Some Implications of Single-
Page 260 and 261:
differentiation in others. This is
Page 262 and 263:
Figure 6.22: Cores notched by press
Page 264 and 265:
Figure 6.24: Completely-bifaced fla
Page 266 and 267:
specific types of debitage, only re
Page 268 and 269:
for cylindrical cores. The edges of
Page 270 and 271:
The debitage from the production of
Page 272 and 273:
is understood to be the site core.
Page 274 and 275:
Figure 7.2: Map of the acropolis at
Page 276 and 277:
Figure 7.3: Map of Piedras Negras d
Page 278 and 279:
inhabited up to the Kumche phase, a
Page 280 and 281:
264
Page 282 and 283:
area of the city. PN23 also appears
Page 284 and 285:
The third and final spatial groupin
Page 286 and 287:
270
Page 288 and 289:
historical connection to previous i
Page 290 and 291:
any other residential group at Pied
Page 292 and 293:
Phase Cutting Edge to Mass Ratio Av
Page 294 and 295:
An analysis of CE:M ratios and blad
Page 296 and 297:
Site Op Phase Artifact Type Modific
Page 298 and 299:
number of different ways. According
Page 300 and 301:
It is true, however, that the major
Page 302 and 303:
Site Operation Phase Area Non- prod
Page 304 and 305:
Obsidian-Eccentric Types Yaxche Cha
Page 306 and 307:
obsidian eccentrics, a likely scena
Page 308 and 309:
debitage had a symbolic and economi
Page 310 and 311:
anywhere from one to twenty years a
Page 312 and 313:
Figure 7.11: Column altar Cache R-5
Page 314 and 315:
etween the two samples of obsidian
Page 316 and 317:
indicates they may have been associ
Page 318 and 319:
Figure 7.15: Obsidian eccentrics in
Page 320 and 321:
304
Page 322 and 323:
although in a diminished quantity,
Page 324 and 325:
anthropomorphized or characterized
Page 326 and 327:
circumscribed, especially consideri
Page 328 and 329:
Figures 7.20: Obsidian biface eccen
Page 330 and 331:
as a potpourri of symbols and reduc
Page 332 and 333:
continued, although in a minor way
Page 334 and 335:
Figure 7.24: Refit of flake and bif
Page 336 and 337:
tomb (Burial 10) and the tomb of Ru
Page 338 and 339:
ut some of them (N=34) were late-st
Page 340 and 341:
8.1: SUMMARY OF TEST RESULTS CHAPTE
Page 342 and 343:
obsidian technologies differed from
Page 344 and 345:
organization at the end of the Yaxc
Page 346 and 347:
The symbolic nature of chipped-ston
Page 348 and 349:
previously unrecognized patterns of
Page 350 and 351:
conversion of symbolic capital may
Page 352 and 353:
cache name contains the name of the
Page 354 and 355:
BIBLIOGRAPHY Aldenderfer, Mark S. 1
Page 356 and 357:
Child, Mark B. 1997 PN 18: Excavaci
Page 358 and 359:
Comaroff, Jean, and John Comaroff 1
Page 360 and 361:
Fedick, Scott 1991 Chert Tool Produ
Page 362 and 363:
Golden, Charles 1998 PN 11: Excavac
Page 364 and 365:
1991 Maya Stone Tools: Selected Pap
Page 366 and 367:
Hruby, Zachary X., Fred Nelson, and
Page 368 and 369:
Kovacevich, Brigitte 2003 Ritual, C
Page 370 and 371:
1992a Resources, Specialization, an
Page 372 and 373:
Nelson, Fred W, Jr. 1988 Trace Elem
Page 374 and 375:
Rands, Robert, and Ronald Bishop 19
Page 376 and 377:
Scholes, France V. and Ralph L. Roy
Page 378 and 379:
Spielmann, Katherine A. 1998 Ritual
Page 380 and 381:
Tozzer, Alfred M. 1941 Landa’s Re
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