The Organization of Chipped-Stone Economies at Piedras Negras ...

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Figure 5.7: Medium-sized oval uniface from Piedras Negras. Drawing by Zachary X. Hruby. 174
were finished with a pressure-flaker. A thin, lenticular cross section was a desired result of the reduction process. The medium laurel leaf biface, thin type differs from the medium celtiform biface, thin type in that it has two pointed ends, and each point usually is equidistant from the center point of the piece. However, in many cases it is possible to discern a difference between the working tip and the hafted end of the biface because of variable use-wear patterns or tip preparation. They are made with the same materials and techniques as the medium-sized, thin celts, but the proximal platform of the original flake blank is removed to create a second tapered or pointed end. Fine- and medium-grade microcrystalline quartzes were necessary to create the evenly chipped edge exhibited on most examples. These bifaces also were used as both spear points and knives, but again, the order in which this occurred, or if it occurred within the same tool, is not well known. Because of the lack of a readily identifiable distal end, broken biface fragments of this size grouping are difficult to categorize. The benefit of a laurel leaf on a military campaign, or during a hunt, might be that the point could be reoriented 180 degrees, and then rehafted in the event of breakage. Nevertheless, some examples show a difference between the working end and the hafted end of the laurel leaf. The hafted end does not always have a sharpened point. The medium laurel leaf biface, thin type also is common in caches at Piedras Negras. They represent a potent symbolic form that has connections with Central Mexico, and also with Maya concepts of the sun and celestial heat, especially when they are made of flint or other microcrystalline-quartz materials (Hruby 2001). Some examples of 175
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UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA RIVERSIDE
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Acknowledgements Foremost, I thank
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ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION The Or
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TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES
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5.4.1.1.5: Large laurel leaf biface
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7.2.1: Hypothesis 1……………
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6.2: Examples of possible pressure-
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LIST OF TABLES Chapter 4: Lithic Re
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the royal palace had more access to
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argued that most studies intended t
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The research presented here submits
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flakes of microcrystalline quartz,
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whereby data were recorded. The hyp
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ecause the debate actually concerns
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“technological-resource realm”
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and another chert production locale
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activities may in turn have given r
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Most of these studies are somewhat
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consequence of this perspective is
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study is but one more building bloc
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avoids the problem of how to charac
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and probably did, have multiple occ
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for them, but also the status of wh
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which represents nondiscursive prac
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ideology, hegemony, and similar con
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can overlap through religious and s
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the codification of belief implies
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[A] relatively autonomous and struc
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materialize” (2000:140; my emphas
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itualized production should not be
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commonplace (cf. Childs 1998). Ritu
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[R]ituals employed during manufactu
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Another Aztec example indicates tha
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period documents, charters other fo
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Although this passage describes a s
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materials, such as the central Pet
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emergent craft ideologies, and an o
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not to say that production, even ri
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Pennsylvania that yielded an import
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information from new excavations is
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interpretation, are mentioned on Ea
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e interpreted as being structurally
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of his father, if we can consider t
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Figure 3.1: Teotihuacan-style mount
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Figure 3.3: Column altar Cache R-5-
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the city. Since the ceramic chronol
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some residential groups feature mor
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from the seat of power by many diff
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microcrystalline quartzes were rese
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eceived these scores from moderate
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Figure 3.4: Two examples of hammers
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used, they probably had a lesser ex
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typology chapters of this study, bu
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degree to which lithic production w
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Furthermore, general patterns of pr
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previously (see Chapter 5). A typol
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and between nodules, which were sel
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of these materials are nodular flin
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eduction flakes found at the site (
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104
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Table 4.1 depicts the percentages b
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Table 4.2 depicts microcrystalline-
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from Ixtepeque, the opaque black co
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Table 4.3: Counts and percentages o
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Table 4.4: The total counts and wei
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Table 4.5 continued. 116
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122
Page 140 and 141: According to the three spatial grou
Page 142 and 143: 4.2.2: Color and Quality of El Chay
Page 144 and 145: 128
Page 146 and 147: quartz eccentrics from the two site
Page 148 and 149: systematic sourcing program for mic
Page 150 and 151: technological typology that focuses
Page 152 and 153: establishing chronologies, and also
Page 154 and 155: Aside from these speculative accoun
Page 156 and 157: combination of morphological and te
Page 158 and 159: Shafer and Hester (1983) also creat
Page 160 and 161: (in Rovner and Lewenstein 1997:23),
Page 162 and 163: primary technological trait, such a
Page 164 and 165: #1-Large Celt Biface, Thin Kidder 1
Page 166 and 167: #7-Large, Stemmed Biface Hester 198
Page 168 and 169: #20-Medium Circular Biface Rectangu
Page 170 and 171: #30-Small Stemmed Biface Ricketson
Page 172 and 173: typological variation also may stem
Page 174 and 175: This form is thoroughly described i
Page 176 and 177: Figure 5.3.2: Examples of thick cel
Page 178 and 179: Figure 5.4: A celtiform-biface frag
Page 180 and 181: describes the technology and morpho
Page 182 and 183: The working bit is produced by a si
Page 184 and 185: 5.4.1.1.7: Large stemmed biface (se
Page 186 and 187: 5.4.1.2: Medium-sized artifacts (8
Page 188 and 189: ased on proximal or medial fragment
Page 192 and 193: medium-sized, laurel leaf unifaces
Page 194 and 195: leaf bifaces, which also can be par
Page 196 and 197: surface of a nodule reduction flake
Page 198 and 199: in some cases, be thoroughly chippe
Page 200 and 201: core such as is used in the Middle
Page 202 and 203: The small stemmed biface type also
Page 204 and 205: domestic archaeological record at P
Page 206 and 207: and northern Belize regions. During
Page 208 and 209: Figure 5.9: Microcrystalline-quartz
Page 210 and 211: Figure 5.10: Unifacially-worked lau
Page 212 and 213: they had the same meaning and value
Page 214 and 215: At Piedras Negras biface-reduction
Page 216 and 217: The goal of reduction would be to p
Page 218 and 219: 5.6.3: Notching Flakes: Indirect Pe
Page 220 and 221: Figure 5.13: Evidence for the reduc
Page 222 and 223: 5.6.7: Resharpening, Rejuvenation,
Page 224 and 225: CHAPTER 6 TYPOLOGY OF OBSIDIAN ARTI
Page 226 and 227: Figure 6.1: Exhausted obsidian blad
Page 228 and 229: Exhausted cylindrical cores are fou
Page 230 and 231: Figure 6.2: Examples of possible pr
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Page 234 and 235: face of the core. Clark and Bryant
Page 236 and 237: Figure 6.5: Percussion flakes remov
Page 238 and 239: Figure 6.7: Distal rejuvenation bla
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section, and then were prepared and
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Figure 6.9: Obsidian eccentrics tha
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Figure 6.11: Second-series pressure
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lade-core platforms at Piedras Negr
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Figure 6.13.1: Platform rejuvenatio
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termination was used as a platform
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Figure 6.16: Crested blade from Pie
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Figure 6.18: Distal rejuvenation fl
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this technique is on transforming t
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6.3.2: Some Implications of Single-
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differentiation in others. This is
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Figure 6.22: Cores notched by press
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Figure 6.24: Completely-bifaced fla
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specific types of debitage, only re
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for cylindrical cores. The edges of
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The debitage from the production of
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is understood to be the site core.
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Figure 7.2: Map of the acropolis at
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Figure 7.3: Map of Piedras Negras d
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inhabited up to the Kumche phase, a
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264
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area of the city. PN23 also appears
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The third and final spatial groupin
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270
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historical connection to previous i
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any other residential group at Pied
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Phase Cutting Edge to Mass Ratio Av
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An analysis of CE:M ratios and blad
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Site Op Phase Artifact Type Modific
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number of different ways. According
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It is true, however, that the major
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Site Operation Phase Area Non- prod
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Obsidian-Eccentric Types Yaxche Cha
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obsidian eccentrics, a likely scena
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debitage had a symbolic and economi
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anywhere from one to twenty years a
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Figure 7.11: Column altar Cache R-5
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etween the two samples of obsidian
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indicates they may have been associ
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Figure 7.15: Obsidian eccentrics in
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304
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although in a diminished quantity,
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anthropomorphized or characterized
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circumscribed, especially consideri
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Figures 7.20: Obsidian biface eccen
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as a potpourri of symbols and reduc
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continued, although in a minor way
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Figure 7.24: Refit of flake and bif
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tomb (Burial 10) and the tomb of Ru
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ut some of them (N=34) were late-st
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8.1: SUMMARY OF TEST RESULTS CHAPTE
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obsidian technologies differed from
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organization at the end of the Yaxc
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The symbolic nature of chipped-ston
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previously unrecognized patterns of
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conversion of symbolic capital may
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cache name contains the name of the
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BIBLIOGRAPHY Aldenderfer, Mark S. 1
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Child, Mark B. 1997 PN 18: Excavaci
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Comaroff, Jean, and John Comaroff 1
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Fedick, Scott 1991 Chert Tool Produ
Page 362 and 363:
Golden, Charles 1998 PN 11: Excavac
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1991 Maya Stone Tools: Selected Pap
Page 366 and 367:
Hruby, Zachary X., Fred Nelson, and
Page 368 and 369:
Kovacevich, Brigitte 2003 Ritual, C
Page 370 and 371:
1992a Resources, Specialization, an
Page 372 and 373:
Nelson, Fred W, Jr. 1988 Trace Elem
Page 374 and 375:
Rands, Robert, and Ronald Bishop 19
Page 376 and 377:
Scholes, France V. and Ralph L. Roy
Page 378 and 379:
Spielmann, Katherine A. 1998 Ritual
Page 380 and 381:
Tozzer, Alfred M. 1941 Landa’s Re
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