The Organization of Chipped-Stone Economies at Piedras Negras ...

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Scholes, France V. and Ralph L. Roys 1968 The Maya Chontal Indians of Acalan-Tixchel. 2nd edition. Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press. Seler, Eduard E. 1902- Gesammelte Abhandlungen zur Amerikanischen Sprach- und 23 Altertumskunde. Berlin: Ascher. Shafer, Harry 1976 Belize Lithics: “Orange Peel” Flakes and Adze Manufacture. In Maya Lithic Studies: Papers from the 1976 Belize Field Symposium. Thomas. R. Hester and Norman Hammond, eds. Pp. 21-34. San Antonio: Center for Archaeological Research, University of Texas. 1983 The Lithic Artifacts of the Pulltrouser Area: Settlements and Fields. In Pulltrouser Swamp: Ancient Maya Habitat, Agriculture, and Settlement. B. L. Turner II and P. D. Harrison, eds. Pp. 212-245. Austin: University of Texas Press. 1991 Late Preclassic Formal Stone Tool Production at Colhá, Belize. In Maya Stone Tools: Selected Papers from the Second Maya Lithic Conference. T. R. Hester and H. J. Shafer, eds. Pp. 31-44. Monographs in World Archaeology, 1. Madison, WI: Prehistory Press. Shafer, Harry, and Thomas Hester 1983 Ancient Maya Chert Workshops in Northern Belize, Central America. American Antiquity. 48:519-543. 1985 A Technological Study of Two Maya Lithic Workshops at Colhá. In Stone Tool Analysis: Essays in Honor of Don E. Crabtree. M.G. Plew, J.C. Woods, and M.G. Pavesic, eds. Pp. 277-316. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press. 1990 The Puleston Axe: A Late Preclassic Maya Hafted Tool from Northern Belize. In Ancient Maya Wetland Agriculture, Excavations on Albion Island, Northern Belize, edited by Mary D. Pohl. Pp. 279-294. Oxford: Westview Press. Sharer, Robert J. and Wendy Ashmore 1993 Archaeology: Discovering Our Past. Mountain View, CA: Mayfield Publishing Company. 360
Sheets, Payson 1975 Behavioral Analysis and the Structure of a Prehistoric Industry. Current Anthropology 16:369-91. 1976 Islands of Lithic Knowledge in a Sea of Ignorance in the Maya Area. In Maya Lithic Studies: Papers from the 1976 Belize Field Symposium. Thomas. R. Hester and Norman Hammond, eds. Pp. 1-9. San Antonio: Center for Archaeological Research, University of Texas. 1977 The Analysis of Chipped Stone Artifacts in Southern Mesoamerica: An Assessment. Latin American Research Review 12:139-58. 1978 From Craftsman to Cog: Quantitative Views of Mesoamerican Lithic Technology. In Papers on the Economy and Architecture of the Ancient Maya. University of California at Los Angeles, Institute of Archaeology Monograph No. 8. Raymond Sidrys, ed. Pp. 40–71. Los Angeles: University of California at Los Angeles, Institute of Archaeology. 1991 Flaked Lithics from the Cenote of Sacrifice, Chichén Itzá, Yucatán. In Maya Stone Tools: Selected Papers from the Second Maya Lithic Conference. T. R. Hester and H. J. Shafer, eds. Pp. 163-187. Monographs in World Archaeology, 1. Madison, WI: Prehistory Press. Sievert, April K. 1992 Maya Ceremonial Specialization: Lithic Tools from the Sacred Cenote at Chichén Itzá, Yucatán. Madison, WI: Prehistory Press. Silliman, Stephen 2001 Agency, Practical Politics and the Archaeology of Culture Contact. Journal of Social Archaeology 1(2):190-209. Smith, A. L. 1950 Uaxactun, Guatemala: Excavations of 1931-1937. Carnegie Institution of Washington, Publication 436(5). Washington, D.C.: Carnegie Institution of Washington. Smith, Carol A. 1976 Exchange Systems and the Spatial Distribution of Elites: The Organization of Stratification in Agrarian Societies. In Regional Analysis, Vol. II. Social Systems. Carol A. Smith, ed. Pp. 309-378. New York: Academic Press. Sommer, Ulrike 2001 ‘Hear the Instruction of Thy Father’: Change and Persistence the European Early Neolithic. Journal of Social Archaeology 1(2):244-270. 361
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UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA RIVERSIDE
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Acknowledgements Foremost, I thank
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ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION The Or
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TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES
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5.4.1.1.5: Large laurel leaf biface
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7.2.1: Hypothesis 1……………
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6.2: Examples of possible pressure-
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LIST OF TABLES Chapter 4: Lithic Re
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the royal palace had more access to
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argued that most studies intended t
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The research presented here submits
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flakes of microcrystalline quartz,
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whereby data were recorded. The hyp
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ecause the debate actually concerns
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“technological-resource realm”
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and another chert production locale
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activities may in turn have given r
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Most of these studies are somewhat
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consequence of this perspective is
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study is but one more building bloc
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avoids the problem of how to charac
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and probably did, have multiple occ
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for them, but also the status of wh
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which represents nondiscursive prac
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ideology, hegemony, and similar con
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can overlap through religious and s
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the codification of belief implies
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[A] relatively autonomous and struc
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materialize” (2000:140; my emphas
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itualized production should not be
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commonplace (cf. Childs 1998). Ritu
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[R]ituals employed during manufactu
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Another Aztec example indicates tha
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period documents, charters other fo
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Although this passage describes a s
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materials, such as the central Pet
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emergent craft ideologies, and an o
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not to say that production, even ri
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Pennsylvania that yielded an import
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information from new excavations is
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interpretation, are mentioned on Ea
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e interpreted as being structurally
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of his father, if we can consider t
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Figure 3.1: Teotihuacan-style mount
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Figure 3.3: Column altar Cache R-5-
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the city. Since the ceramic chronol
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some residential groups feature mor
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from the seat of power by many diff
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microcrystalline quartzes were rese
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eceived these scores from moderate
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Figure 3.4: Two examples of hammers
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used, they probably had a lesser ex
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typology chapters of this study, bu
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degree to which lithic production w
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Furthermore, general patterns of pr
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previously (see Chapter 5). A typol
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and between nodules, which were sel
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of these materials are nodular flin
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eduction flakes found at the site (
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104
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Table 4.1 depicts the percentages b
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Table 4.2 depicts microcrystalline-
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from Ixtepeque, the opaque black co
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Table 4.3: Counts and percentages o
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Table 4.4: The total counts and wei
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Table 4.5 continued. 116
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122
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According to the three spatial grou
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4.2.2: Color and Quality of El Chay
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128
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quartz eccentrics from the two site
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systematic sourcing program for mic
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technological typology that focuses
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establishing chronologies, and also
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Aside from these speculative accoun
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combination of morphological and te
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Shafer and Hester (1983) also creat
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(in Rovner and Lewenstein 1997:23),
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primary technological trait, such a
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#1-Large Celt Biface, Thin Kidder 1
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#7-Large, Stemmed Biface Hester 198
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#20-Medium Circular Biface Rectangu
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#30-Small Stemmed Biface Ricketson
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typological variation also may stem
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This form is thoroughly described i
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Figure 5.3.2: Examples of thick cel
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Figure 5.4: A celtiform-biface frag
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describes the technology and morpho
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The working bit is produced by a si
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5.4.1.1.7: Large stemmed biface (se
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5.4.1.2: Medium-sized artifacts (8
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ased on proximal or medial fragment
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Figure 5.7: Medium-sized oval unifa
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medium-sized, laurel leaf unifaces
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leaf bifaces, which also can be par
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surface of a nodule reduction flake
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in some cases, be thoroughly chippe
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core such as is used in the Middle
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The small stemmed biface type also
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domestic archaeological record at P
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and northern Belize regions. During
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Figure 5.9: Microcrystalline-quartz
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Figure 5.10: Unifacially-worked lau
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they had the same meaning and value
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At Piedras Negras biface-reduction
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The goal of reduction would be to p
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5.6.3: Notching Flakes: Indirect Pe
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Figure 5.13: Evidence for the reduc
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5.6.7: Resharpening, Rejuvenation,
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CHAPTER 6 TYPOLOGY OF OBSIDIAN ARTI
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Figure 6.1: Exhausted obsidian blad
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Exhausted cylindrical cores are fou
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Figure 6.2: Examples of possible pr
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216
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face of the core. Clark and Bryant
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Figure 6.5: Percussion flakes remov
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Figure 6.7: Distal rejuvenation bla
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section, and then were prepared and
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Figure 6.9: Obsidian eccentrics tha
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Figure 6.11: Second-series pressure
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lade-core platforms at Piedras Negr
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Figure 6.13.1: Platform rejuvenatio
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termination was used as a platform
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Figure 6.16: Crested blade from Pie
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Figure 6.18: Distal rejuvenation fl
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this technique is on transforming t
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6.3.2: Some Implications of Single-
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differentiation in others. This is
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Figure 6.22: Cores notched by press
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Figure 6.24: Completely-bifaced fla
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specific types of debitage, only re
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for cylindrical cores. The edges of
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The debitage from the production of
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is understood to be the site core.
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Figure 7.2: Map of the acropolis at
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Figure 7.3: Map of Piedras Negras d
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inhabited up to the Kumche phase, a
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264
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area of the city. PN23 also appears
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The third and final spatial groupin
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270
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historical connection to previous i
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any other residential group at Pied
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Phase Cutting Edge to Mass Ratio Av
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An analysis of CE:M ratios and blad
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Site Op Phase Artifact Type Modific
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number of different ways. According
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It is true, however, that the major
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Site Operation Phase Area Non- prod
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Obsidian-Eccentric Types Yaxche Cha
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obsidian eccentrics, a likely scena
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debitage had a symbolic and economi
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anywhere from one to twenty years a
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Figure 7.11: Column altar Cache R-5
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etween the two samples of obsidian
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indicates they may have been associ
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Figure 7.15: Obsidian eccentrics in
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304
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although in a diminished quantity,
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anthropomorphized or characterized
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Page 328 and 329: Figures 7.20: Obsidian biface eccen
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Page 334 and 335: Figure 7.24: Refit of flake and bif
Page 336 and 337: tomb (Burial 10) and the tomb of Ru
Page 338 and 339: ut some of them (N=34) were late-st
Page 340 and 341: 8.1: SUMMARY OF TEST RESULTS CHAPTE
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Page 344 and 345: organization at the end of the Yaxc
Page 346 and 347: The symbolic nature of chipped-ston
Page 348 and 349: previously unrecognized patterns of
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Page 354 and 355: BIBLIOGRAPHY Aldenderfer, Mark S. 1
Page 356 and 357: Child, Mark B. 1997 PN 18: Excavaci
Page 358 and 359: Comaroff, Jean, and John Comaroff 1
Page 360 and 361: Fedick, Scott 1991 Chert Tool Produ
Page 362 and 363: Golden, Charles 1998 PN 11: Excavac
Page 364 and 365: 1991 Maya Stone Tools: Selected Pap
Page 366 and 367: Hruby, Zachary X., Fred Nelson, and
Page 368 and 369: Kovacevich, Brigitte 2003 Ritual, C
Page 370 and 371: 1992a Resources, Specialization, an
Page 372 and 373: Nelson, Fred W, Jr. 1988 Trace Elem
Page 374 and 375: Rands, Robert, and Ronald Bishop 19
Page 378 and 379: Spielmann, Katherine A. 1998 Ritual
Page 380 and 381: Tozzer, Alfred M. 1941 Landa’s Re
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