The Organization of Chipped-Stone Economies at Piedras Negras ...

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Figure 6.1: Exhausted obsidian blade-cores at Piedras Negras. Above: obsidian bladecore reduced by pressure on one or more sides, but not in the round (also notched as an eccentric); center: obsidian blade-core reduced by pressure in the round, or on all sides of the core; below: very small pressure-blade cores reduced in the round. Drawings by Zachary X. Hruby. 210
were reduced in the round throughout the use-life of the core. Furthermore, bullet cores likely represent the reworking of exhausted flat or cylindrical cores, and not a separate core reduction strategy. I discuss the relevant published replications of these techniques and then submit my own technique, which is a good fit for the archaeological record at Piedras Negras and possibly other lowland sites. 6.1.2: Previously Publications on Blade-Core Reduction Techniques and Blade Cores at Piedras Negras The first replicable blade-core reduction technique, which was substantiated by the archaeological and ethnohistoric record, was carried out by Clark (1982) and has been dubbed the Mexica technique. Titmus and Clark (2003) recently published a revised version of this technique. The Mexica foot-held technique requires that knappers sit on the ground and immobilize the core with their feet as lateral support. The blade-core is planted with the distal end of the core into hard-packed soil, sometimes with a wooden distal support for vertical stability (Titmus and Clark 2003:Figure 5.8). Finally, a long, wooden pressure device is used with a combination of arm and upper-body strength to remove blades from the core (see Clark 1982:Figure 8; Titmus and Clark 2003:Figure 5.8). The core is rotated after a series of blades is removed from the available surface until it can no longer be held between the feet (i.e., core exhaustion) or the core was destroyed (i.e., core death). The resulting core is worked by pressure on all sides of the core and usually is cylindrical in cross section. 211
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UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA RIVERSIDE
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Acknowledgements Foremost, I thank
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ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION The Or
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TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES
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5.4.1.1.5: Large laurel leaf biface
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7.2.1: Hypothesis 1……………
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6.2: Examples of possible pressure-
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LIST OF TABLES Chapter 4: Lithic Re
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the royal palace had more access to
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argued that most studies intended t
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The research presented here submits
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flakes of microcrystalline quartz,
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whereby data were recorded. The hyp
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ecause the debate actually concerns
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“technological-resource realm”
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and another chert production locale
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activities may in turn have given r
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Most of these studies are somewhat
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consequence of this perspective is
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study is but one more building bloc
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avoids the problem of how to charac
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and probably did, have multiple occ
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for them, but also the status of wh
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which represents nondiscursive prac
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ideology, hegemony, and similar con
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can overlap through religious and s
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the codification of belief implies
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[A] relatively autonomous and struc
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materialize” (2000:140; my emphas
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itualized production should not be
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commonplace (cf. Childs 1998). Ritu
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[R]ituals employed during manufactu
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Another Aztec example indicates tha
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period documents, charters other fo
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Although this passage describes a s
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materials, such as the central Pet
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emergent craft ideologies, and an o
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not to say that production, even ri
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Pennsylvania that yielded an import
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information from new excavations is
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interpretation, are mentioned on Ea
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e interpreted as being structurally
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of his father, if we can consider t
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Figure 3.1: Teotihuacan-style mount
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Figure 3.3: Column altar Cache R-5-
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the city. Since the ceramic chronol
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some residential groups feature mor
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from the seat of power by many diff
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microcrystalline quartzes were rese
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eceived these scores from moderate
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Figure 3.4: Two examples of hammers
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used, they probably had a lesser ex
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typology chapters of this study, bu
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degree to which lithic production w
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Furthermore, general patterns of pr
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previously (see Chapter 5). A typol
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and between nodules, which were sel
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of these materials are nodular flin
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eduction flakes found at the site (
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104
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Table 4.1 depicts the percentages b
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Table 4.2 depicts microcrystalline-
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from Ixtepeque, the opaque black co
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Table 4.3: Counts and percentages o
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Table 4.4: The total counts and wei
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Table 4.5 continued. 116
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122
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According to the three spatial grou
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4.2.2: Color and Quality of El Chay
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128
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quartz eccentrics from the two site
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systematic sourcing program for mic
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technological typology that focuses
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establishing chronologies, and also
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Aside from these speculative accoun
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combination of morphological and te
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Shafer and Hester (1983) also creat
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(in Rovner and Lewenstein 1997:23),
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primary technological trait, such a
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#1-Large Celt Biface, Thin Kidder 1
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#7-Large, Stemmed Biface Hester 198
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#20-Medium Circular Biface Rectangu
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#30-Small Stemmed Biface Ricketson
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typological variation also may stem
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This form is thoroughly described i
Page 176 and 177: Figure 5.3.2: Examples of thick cel
Page 178 and 179: Figure 5.4: A celtiform-biface frag
Page 180 and 181: describes the technology and morpho
Page 182 and 183: The working bit is produced by a si
Page 184 and 185: 5.4.1.1.7: Large stemmed biface (se
Page 186 and 187: 5.4.1.2: Medium-sized artifacts (8
Page 188 and 189: ased on proximal or medial fragment
Page 190 and 191: Figure 5.7: Medium-sized oval unifa
Page 192 and 193: medium-sized, laurel leaf unifaces
Page 194 and 195: leaf bifaces, which also can be par
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Page 198 and 199: in some cases, be thoroughly chippe
Page 200 and 201: core such as is used in the Middle
Page 202 and 203: The small stemmed biface type also
Page 204 and 205: domestic archaeological record at P
Page 206 and 207: and northern Belize regions. During
Page 208 and 209: Figure 5.9: Microcrystalline-quartz
Page 210 and 211: Figure 5.10: Unifacially-worked lau
Page 212 and 213: they had the same meaning and value
Page 214 and 215: At Piedras Negras biface-reduction
Page 216 and 217: The goal of reduction would be to p
Page 218 and 219: 5.6.3: Notching Flakes: Indirect Pe
Page 220 and 221: Figure 5.13: Evidence for the reduc
Page 222 and 223: 5.6.7: Resharpening, Rejuvenation,
Page 224 and 225: CHAPTER 6 TYPOLOGY OF OBSIDIAN ARTI
Page 228 and 229: Exhausted cylindrical cores are fou
Page 230 and 231: Figure 6.2: Examples of possible pr
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Page 234 and 235: face of the core. Clark and Bryant
Page 236 and 237: Figure 6.5: Percussion flakes remov
Page 238 and 239: Figure 6.7: Distal rejuvenation bla
Page 240 and 241: section, and then were prepared and
Page 242 and 243: Figure 6.9: Obsidian eccentrics tha
Page 244 and 245: Figure 6.11: Second-series pressure
Page 246 and 247: lade-core platforms at Piedras Negr
Page 248 and 249: Figure 6.13.1: Platform rejuvenatio
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Page 252 and 253: Figure 6.16: Crested blade from Pie
Page 254 and 255: Figure 6.18: Distal rejuvenation fl
Page 256 and 257: this technique is on transforming t
Page 258 and 259: 6.3.2: Some Implications of Single-
Page 260 and 261: differentiation in others. This is
Page 262 and 263: Figure 6.22: Cores notched by press
Page 264 and 265: Figure 6.24: Completely-bifaced fla
Page 266 and 267: specific types of debitage, only re
Page 268 and 269: for cylindrical cores. The edges of
Page 270 and 271: The debitage from the production of
Page 272 and 273: is understood to be the site core.
Page 274 and 275: Figure 7.2: Map of the acropolis at
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Figure 7.3: Map of Piedras Negras d
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inhabited up to the Kumche phase, a
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264
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area of the city. PN23 also appears
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The third and final spatial groupin
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270
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historical connection to previous i
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any other residential group at Pied
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Phase Cutting Edge to Mass Ratio Av
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An analysis of CE:M ratios and blad
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Site Op Phase Artifact Type Modific
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number of different ways. According
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It is true, however, that the major
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Site Operation Phase Area Non- prod
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Obsidian-Eccentric Types Yaxche Cha
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obsidian eccentrics, a likely scena
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debitage had a symbolic and economi
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anywhere from one to twenty years a
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Figure 7.11: Column altar Cache R-5
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etween the two samples of obsidian
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indicates they may have been associ
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Figure 7.15: Obsidian eccentrics in
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304
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although in a diminished quantity,
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anthropomorphized or characterized
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circumscribed, especially consideri
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Figures 7.20: Obsidian biface eccen
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as a potpourri of symbols and reduc
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continued, although in a minor way
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Figure 7.24: Refit of flake and bif
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tomb (Burial 10) and the tomb of Ru
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ut some of them (N=34) were late-st
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8.1: SUMMARY OF TEST RESULTS CHAPTE
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obsidian technologies differed from
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organization at the end of the Yaxc
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The symbolic nature of chipped-ston
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previously unrecognized patterns of
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conversion of symbolic capital may
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cache name contains the name of the
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BIBLIOGRAPHY Aldenderfer, Mark S. 1
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Child, Mark B. 1997 PN 18: Excavaci
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Comaroff, Jean, and John Comaroff 1
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Fedick, Scott 1991 Chert Tool Produ
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Golden, Charles 1998 PN 11: Excavac
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1991 Maya Stone Tools: Selected Pap
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Hruby, Zachary X., Fred Nelson, and
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Kovacevich, Brigitte 2003 Ritual, C
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1992a Resources, Specialization, an
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Nelson, Fred W, Jr. 1988 Trace Elem
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Rands, Robert, and Ronald Bishop 19
Page 376 and 377:
Scholes, France V. and Ralph L. Roy
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Spielmann, Katherine A. 1998 Ritual
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Tozzer, Alfred M. 1941 Landa’s Re
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