The Organization of Chipped-Stone Economies at Piedras Negras ...

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#1–Large Celt Biface, Thin Kidder 1947:5 Uaxactun, Guatemala General utility tool, extra fine Hammond 1975:336 Northern Belize Straight-sided axe Hester 1985:197 Colhá, Belize Large oval biface Mitchum 1986:106 Cerros, Belize Large oval/ biface celt Shafer and Hester 1990:283 Albion Island, Belize The "Puleston axe" #2–Large and Medium Celt Biface, Thick Ricketson and Ricketson 1937:184 Uaxactun, Guatemala Pointed at one end, rounded at the other (pick axe) Kidder 1947:5 Uaxactun, Guatemala General utility tool, standard form Chopper, one end rounded, other Coe 1959:11 Piedras Negras, Guatemala pointed Core, bifaced percussion-flaked Coe 1965:0 Piedras Negras, Guatemala implement Willey, et al. 1965:423 Belize Valley, Belize Standard chopper, biface Willey 1972:157 Altar de Sacrificios, Guatemala Chopper or celt, general utility form Hammond 1975:36 Northern Belize Convex-sided a Hester 1976:13 Colhá, Belize Chopper, general utility tool Andreson 1976:162 Northern Belize Chopper Wilk 1977:58 Barton Ramie, Belize Chopper, general utility tool Stoltman 1978:24 Becán, Mexico Standard Maya biface Shafer and Hester 1985:298 Colhá, Belize General utility biface McAnany 1986:202 Northern Belize Standard Maya biface Fowler 1987:7 El Mirador, Guatemala Large oval biface (but thick) Standard biface, large oval/ biface Mitchum 1986:106 Cerros, Belize celt Thompson 1991:121 Becán, Mexico Celt Aldenderfer 1991:129 Petén Lakes Region, Guatemala Contracting base biface Mitchum 1991:46 Cerros, Belize Dzibilchaltún, Becán and Chicanná, Oval biface celt Rovner and Lewenstein 1997:5 Mexico Cordiform Lee and Hayden 1989:57 El Cayo, Guatemala Cordiform biface Triangular Shafer 1983:221 Pulltrouser Swamp, Belize Large oval biface, retouched form Aldenderfer 1991:128 Petén Lakes Region, Guatemala Dzibilchaltún, Becán and Chicanná, Triangular, expanding base Rovner and Lewenstein 1997:5 Mexico Subtriangular Table 5.1: Concordance of published works, sites, and tool types. 148
#3–Large Celt Uniface Hester 1976:13 Northern Belize Chisel-like tools Adze, small variety, plano- Wilk 1977:67 Barton Ramie, Belize convex Mitchum 1986:107 Cerros, Belize Adze, oblique multiple blow bit Mitchum 1986:107 Cerros, Belize Adze, irregular bit Potter 1993:26 Northern Belize wedge-shaped adze #4–Large Tranchet Celt Hester 1976:13 Northern Belize Adze, chisel-like Tranchet blow bit, Adze (or Mitchum 1986:107 Cerros, Belize "orange-peel adze") Shafer 1991:33 Colhá, Belize Tranchet bit tool Shafer 1991:33 Colhá, Belize Dzibilchaltún, Becán and T-shaped implement (tranchet) Rovner and Lewenstein 1997:17 Chicanná, Mexico Tranchet Axe #5–Large Laurel Leaf Biface, Thin Ricketson 1937:11 Uaxactun, Guatemala Altar de Sacrificios, Bi-pointed knife Willey 1972:165 Guatemala Laurel Leaf Blade, large Hester 1985:202 Colhá, Belize Lozenge and lenticular biface Shafer and Hester 1991:155 Colhá, Belize Dzibilchaltún, Becán and lenticular biface Rovner and Lewenstein 1997:20 Chicanná, Mexico Dagger, Biface #6–Large Laurel Leaf Biface, Thick Ricketson 1937:6 Uaxactun, Guatemala Chisel Ricketson and Ricketson 1937:184 Uaxactun, Guatemala pointed at both ends, crude Pecking or pounding tools, Kidder 1947:5 Uaxactun, Guatemala standard form Kidder 1947:5 Uaxactun, Guatemala Rubbing tools, chisel-like Andreson 1976:169 Northern Belize Pick-like tool Fowler 1987:8 El Mirador, Guatemala large elongate biface, bipointed Large elongate biface, squared- Fowler 1987:8 El Mirador, Guatemala Petén Lakes Region, end Aldenderfer 1991:128 Guatemala Parallel-sided biface Aldenderfer 1991:128 Petén Lakes Region, Guatemala Dzibilchaltún, Becán and bipointed biface (same as parallel, but exhausted) Rovner and Lewenstein 1997:25 Table 5.1 continued. Chicanná, Mexico Lanceolate, celt biface 149
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UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA RIVERSIDE
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Acknowledgements Foremost, I thank
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ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION The Or
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TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES
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5.4.1.1.5: Large laurel leaf biface
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7.2.1: Hypothesis 1……………
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6.2: Examples of possible pressure-
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LIST OF TABLES Chapter 4: Lithic Re
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the royal palace had more access to
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argued that most studies intended t
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The research presented here submits
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flakes of microcrystalline quartz,
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whereby data were recorded. The hyp
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ecause the debate actually concerns
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“technological-resource realm”
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and another chert production locale
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activities may in turn have given r
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Most of these studies are somewhat
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consequence of this perspective is
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study is but one more building bloc
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avoids the problem of how to charac
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and probably did, have multiple occ
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for them, but also the status of wh
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which represents nondiscursive prac
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ideology, hegemony, and similar con
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can overlap through religious and s
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the codification of belief implies
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[A] relatively autonomous and struc
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materialize” (2000:140; my emphas
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itualized production should not be
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commonplace (cf. Childs 1998). Ritu
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[R]ituals employed during manufactu
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Another Aztec example indicates tha
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period documents, charters other fo
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Although this passage describes a s
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materials, such as the central Pet
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emergent craft ideologies, and an o
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not to say that production, even ri
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Pennsylvania that yielded an import
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information from new excavations is
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interpretation, are mentioned on Ea
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e interpreted as being structurally
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of his father, if we can consider t
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Figure 3.1: Teotihuacan-style mount
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Figure 3.3: Column altar Cache R-5-
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the city. Since the ceramic chronol
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some residential groups feature mor
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from the seat of power by many diff
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microcrystalline quartzes were rese
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eceived these scores from moderate
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Figure 3.4: Two examples of hammers
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used, they probably had a lesser ex
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typology chapters of this study, bu
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degree to which lithic production w
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Furthermore, general patterns of pr
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previously (see Chapter 5). A typol
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Page 118 and 119: eduction flakes found at the site (
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Page 122 and 123: Table 4.1 depicts the percentages b
Page 124 and 125: Table 4.2 depicts microcrystalline-
Page 126 and 127: from Ixtepeque, the opaque black co
Page 128 and 129: Table 4.3: Counts and percentages o
Page 130 and 131: Table 4.4: The total counts and wei
Page 132 and 133: Table 4.5 continued. 116
Page 138 and 139: 122
Page 140 and 141: According to the three spatial grou
Page 142 and 143: 4.2.2: Color and Quality of El Chay
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Page 146 and 147: quartz eccentrics from the two site
Page 148 and 149: systematic sourcing program for mic
Page 150 and 151: technological typology that focuses
Page 152 and 153: establishing chronologies, and also
Page 154 and 155: Aside from these speculative accoun
Page 156 and 157: combination of morphological and te
Page 158 and 159: Shafer and Hester (1983) also creat
Page 160 and 161: (in Rovner and Lewenstein 1997:23),
Page 162 and 163: primary technological trait, such a
Page 166 and 167: #7-Large, Stemmed Biface Hester 198
Page 168 and 169: #20-Medium Circular Biface Rectangu
Page 170 and 171: #30-Small Stemmed Biface Ricketson
Page 172 and 173: typological variation also may stem
Page 174 and 175: This form is thoroughly described i
Page 176 and 177: Figure 5.3.2: Examples of thick cel
Page 178 and 179: Figure 5.4: A celtiform-biface frag
Page 180 and 181: describes the technology and morpho
Page 182 and 183: The working bit is produced by a si
Page 184 and 185: 5.4.1.1.7: Large stemmed biface (se
Page 186 and 187: 5.4.1.2: Medium-sized artifacts (8
Page 188 and 189: ased on proximal or medial fragment
Page 190 and 191: Figure 5.7: Medium-sized oval unifa
Page 192 and 193: medium-sized, laurel leaf unifaces
Page 194 and 195: leaf bifaces, which also can be par
Page 196 and 197: surface of a nodule reduction flake
Page 198 and 199: in some cases, be thoroughly chippe
Page 200 and 201: core such as is used in the Middle
Page 202 and 203: The small stemmed biface type also
Page 204 and 205: domestic archaeological record at P
Page 206 and 207: and northern Belize regions. During
Page 208 and 209: Figure 5.9: Microcrystalline-quartz
Page 210 and 211: Figure 5.10: Unifacially-worked lau
Page 212 and 213: they had the same meaning and value
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At Piedras Negras biface-reduction
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The goal of reduction would be to p
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5.6.3: Notching Flakes: Indirect Pe
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Figure 5.13: Evidence for the reduc
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5.6.7: Resharpening, Rejuvenation,
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CHAPTER 6 TYPOLOGY OF OBSIDIAN ARTI
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Figure 6.1: Exhausted obsidian blad
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Exhausted cylindrical cores are fou
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Figure 6.2: Examples of possible pr
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216
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face of the core. Clark and Bryant
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Figure 6.5: Percussion flakes remov
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Figure 6.7: Distal rejuvenation bla
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section, and then were prepared and
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Figure 6.9: Obsidian eccentrics tha
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Figure 6.11: Second-series pressure
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lade-core platforms at Piedras Negr
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Figure 6.13.1: Platform rejuvenatio
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termination was used as a platform
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Figure 6.16: Crested blade from Pie
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Figure 6.18: Distal rejuvenation fl
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this technique is on transforming t
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6.3.2: Some Implications of Single-
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differentiation in others. This is
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Figure 6.22: Cores notched by press
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Figure 6.24: Completely-bifaced fla
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specific types of debitage, only re
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for cylindrical cores. The edges of
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The debitage from the production of
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is understood to be the site core.
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Figure 7.2: Map of the acropolis at
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Figure 7.3: Map of Piedras Negras d
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inhabited up to the Kumche phase, a
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264
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area of the city. PN23 also appears
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The third and final spatial groupin
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270
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historical connection to previous i
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any other residential group at Pied
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Phase Cutting Edge to Mass Ratio Av
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An analysis of CE:M ratios and blad
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Site Op Phase Artifact Type Modific
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number of different ways. According
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It is true, however, that the major
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Site Operation Phase Area Non- prod
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Obsidian-Eccentric Types Yaxche Cha
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obsidian eccentrics, a likely scena
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debitage had a symbolic and economi
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anywhere from one to twenty years a
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Figure 7.11: Column altar Cache R-5
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etween the two samples of obsidian
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indicates they may have been associ
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Figure 7.15: Obsidian eccentrics in
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304
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although in a diminished quantity,
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anthropomorphized or characterized
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circumscribed, especially consideri
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Figures 7.20: Obsidian biface eccen
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as a potpourri of symbols and reduc
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continued, although in a minor way
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Figure 7.24: Refit of flake and bif
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tomb (Burial 10) and the tomb of Ru
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ut some of them (N=34) were late-st
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8.1: SUMMARY OF TEST RESULTS CHAPTE
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obsidian technologies differed from
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organization at the end of the Yaxc
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The symbolic nature of chipped-ston
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previously unrecognized patterns of
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conversion of symbolic capital may
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cache name contains the name of the
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BIBLIOGRAPHY Aldenderfer, Mark S. 1
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Child, Mark B. 1997 PN 18: Excavaci
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Comaroff, Jean, and John Comaroff 1
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Fedick, Scott 1991 Chert Tool Produ
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Golden, Charles 1998 PN 11: Excavac
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1991 Maya Stone Tools: Selected Pap
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Hruby, Zachary X., Fred Nelson, and
Page 368 and 369:
Kovacevich, Brigitte 2003 Ritual, C
Page 370 and 371:
1992a Resources, Specialization, an
Page 372 and 373:
Nelson, Fred W, Jr. 1988 Trace Elem
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Rands, Robert, and Ronald Bishop 19
Page 376 and 377:
Scholes, France V. and Ralph L. Roy
Page 378 and 379:
Spielmann, Katherine A. 1998 Ritual
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Tozzer, Alfred M. 1941 Landa’s Re
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