The contrastive hierarchy in phonology 2009 Dresher.pdf - CUNY ...

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evaluation of phonetic distance applied to the inventory as a whole, unlike the dispersion-theoretic approaches’. 1 Building on the work of Liljencrants and Lindblom, Flemming (2002) proposes that inventories represent a compromise between two conflicting pressures, a pressure to maximize the number of contrasts in an inventory, and a conflicting pressure to keep members of the inventory maximally distinct. Thus, a nine-vowel inventory such as /i, I, e, E, a, ç, o, U, u/ allows for many more lexical contrasts than the three-vowel inventory /i, a, u/; in the latter inventory, however, each vowel is allocated more or the vowel space than in the former. Padgett (2003a, b) proposes that Dispersion Theory (DT) is not just a theory of inventories, but also plays a role in the workings of the phonology; in particular, he proposes an instantiation of DT which he argues is the way that considerations of contrasts are brought to bear on the phonology. He illustrates this approach with an analysis of an East Slavic sound change known as post- velar fronting. 8.3.2. A dispersion-theoretic analysis of the East Slavic post-velar fronting 8.3.2.1. The velars and /i/ in Russian Modern Russian consonants contrast in palatalization: palatalized consonants are paired with nonpalatalized (or perhaps velarized) counterparts (8.3). The 1 See Hall (1999, 2007) for an extended discussion and critique of Liljencrants and Lindblom’s (1972) dispersion model, and Kingston (2007) for a critical review of the issue. 350
consonants /j, ts, tSJ, Z, S, SJ˘/are unpaired (/SJ˘/ may actually be a sequence of consonants and not a phoneme; it does not act like the partner of /S/). 2 (8.3) Russian consonant phonemes Labial Dental Post- Palatal Velar alveolar Stop p pJ t tJ k kJ b bJ d dJ g gJ Fricative f fJ s sJ S SJ˘ x xJ v vJ z zJ Z Affricate ts tSJ Nasal m mJ n nJ Lateral l lJ Rhotic r rJ Glide j Russian has five vowel phonemes, /i, e, a, o, u/. Both palatalized and nonpalatalized consonants can occur before back vowels, word finally, and pre- consonantally. Both palatalized and nonpalatalized consonants may occur before /i/, which varies allophonically: it is pronounced [i] after palatalized consonants and [ˆ] after nonpalatalized consonants. 3 Padgett (2003a: 45) follows Farina (1991) in supposing that palatalized consonants are specified [–back], and ‘plain’ (actually velarized) consonants are 2 Note that the terms ‘paired’ and ‘unpaired’ refer in this section to palatalization, not to voicing, as in previous sections. 3 Before /e/, only palatalized consonants may appear across word boundaries; some speakers have unpalatalized consonants before /e/ within roots in some loan words (Padgett 2003a: 43, Timberlake 2004: 58). 351
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The Contrastive Hierarchy in Phonol
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course with Keren Rice at the Cente
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Table of Contents Acknowledgements
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6.7. Underspecified inputs.........
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(Chen 1972). In final open syllable
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For example, given a language in wh
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difficulty Czech speakers have in r
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four-vowel system /i, e, a, u/. Eve
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sonority (say, /a/) and one of less
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Halle (1959) against the structural
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former approach, pairwise compariso
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Chapter 7 presents a series of case
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these features. And yet, none of th
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2.2. Contrastive specification by p
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to /p/, that is, a voiceless nasal
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collaborators. Rather than make pai
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. If the set is found to consist of
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This kind of reasoning, which I wil
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edundancy, and this conflation of t
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in (2.13). /p/ is characterized as
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voiced, and the same holds for [nas
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The problem of too many features do
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(2.21) Three-vowel system, features
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[+back]. The addition of the featur
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. Specifications according to the p
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pairwise method. One might reason t
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the program generated up to 52 colu
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properly contrastive specifications
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discussion here, because they inter
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There are different kinds of binary
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(2.30) Contrastive specifications:
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algorithm that assigns feature valu
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feature ordering, for there is empi
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contrastive in a given language; th
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(3.1) Different phonetics, similar
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the wrong place in the pattern of D
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c. Consonants obstruent sonorant vo
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proposing certain contrastive relat
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The phonologically relevant marks o
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1. First, divide the inventory by t
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[T]he opposition d-n (as in French)
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that these features are contrastive
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a contrastive hierarchy, but not in
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only the fact that lips and tip of
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ts, s, z/ and /k, x, ƒ/, respectiv
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3.3.3.2. Vowel systems Polabian In
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(3.14) Triangular system with schwa
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three vertical sets, as in (3.18).
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Though the above analysis is the ty
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In these examples there appears to
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classify them according to their fu
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Trubetzkoy’s criteria, variation
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o o^ O O^ a) e) o) O) ´ Vocality +
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Subtree (3.28b) depicts the contras
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Twaddell (1935)…’ 16 Second, th
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After considering the merits of eac
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3.6.2. Hockett’s approach in prac
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decisions here are not arbitrary (t
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obstruent and sonorant coming secon
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chapter). I have argued that issues
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(3.39) Diagnostics used in identify
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(3.41) Contrast and phonological ac
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and (2) contrastive features are as
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emphasis on dichotomies as a fundam
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implication’ that are ‘universa
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in the low vowels (0.11121). These
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they observe that a set of eight ph
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illustrates that the concept of the
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esult in all phonemes receiving a v
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n m n@ r l l’ i u e o a Vocality
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approach. Perhaps because of this J
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(4.10) Contrastive hierarchy: Stand
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acoustics. Halle sets out a number
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allophonic realizations of phonemes
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tS S Z k kJ g x j r rJ l lJ vocalic
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the sonorant l). The rule that chan
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and redundant features: only the fo
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Phonological theory, however, did n
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. Phonological rules i. [ ] [-g] i
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Stanley (1967: 416) considers the c
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edundant features. This argument wo
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equire a different tree in which [s
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158
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c. Consonants: velopalatal vs. labi
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arguments of Bloomfield 1933). Inst
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ules to which a purely formal evalu
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nevertheless interact with the phon
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the rule replacing [m F] as the com
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(5.4) Markedness matrices for vowel
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emains /a, i, u/. The vowels /i, u/
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d. XI [u high] [-high] / Kean prop
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capture co-occurrence restrictions
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distinguish between contrastive and
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manipulates only +/- values, not m/
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Linking crucially depends on the fe
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of underspecification theory and le
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marked on sonorants in the lexicon
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Kiparsky’s analysis thus mirrors
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constrain this process by a hierarc
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RU does not fully adopt the Contras
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minimality. This leaves us with the
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Similar results can be shown to be
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for example, the underlying vowel s
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5.3.3. Contrastive Specification St
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(5.31) Pasiego Spanish vowels: Poss
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all logical redundancies, nor does
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Hume 1995, Halle 1995), Government
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.Vocoids laryngeal [spread] [constr
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5.4.2. Terminal features and the co
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A fourth difference is that the var
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Intuitively, the two segments diffe
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epresentations beyond the needs of
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218
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6.2. Optimality Theory OT (Prince a
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convert the coda into an onset, and
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eing equal, this implies that a son
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6.3.2. Contrast as an emergent Kirc
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6.4. The contrastive hierarchy in O
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6.4.2. Inputs What should be the in
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(6.12) Contrastive hierarchy for Cl
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(6.14) Classical Manchu constraint
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epresentation because it, too, viol
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We can mimic the effect of the Pair
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limiting specifications to those th
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and the rest of the features are re
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to adopt privative features, where
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6.7. Underspecified inputs The noti
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(6.29) Implicational constraints fo
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In (6.31), these constraints are ad
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252
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(6.17) Full specification of all fe
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(6.21) Underspecification by means
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(6.24) Illicit fully specified inpu
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(6.27) Underspecified input Input:
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262
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value: the fact that all the alloph
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7.2.1. Contrast and markedness MCS
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(7.2) Contrastive features for dial
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analysis is ‘abstract’ with res
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universal; we will see in §7.4 tha
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feature [high], the contrastively [
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phonological analysis. This should
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7.3.2. Implicit feature hierarchies
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elations among features. This is no
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dialects with similar-looking inven
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this burden exists independently of
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(7.12) Classical Manchu vowel syste
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7.4.1.1. ATR harmony All vowels in
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(7.17) Stems with only /i/: Suffixe
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no surprise, therefore, to see this
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[coronal] is contributed by /i/, bu
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296 c. Xibe: [low] > [coronal] > [l
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(7.24) Turkish vowel system coronal
Page 310 and 311: (7.26) ATR harmony: /Q/ alternates
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Page 316 and 317: (7.37) Role of IO-IDENT[back] (adap
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Page 328 and 329: (7.47) Bumo Izon labial and alveola
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Page 344 and 345: figure in the phonology. I conclude
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Page 348 and 349: However, when /r&/ devoices it does
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Page 354 and 355: theory is indirectly sensitive to t
Page 356 and 357: Constraint (8.1a) provokes labial h
Page 358 and 359: 8.3. Dispersion-theoretic approache
Page 362 and 363: specified [+back]. The vowels /i/ a
Page 364 and 365: change, traditionally known as the
Page 366 and 367: primarily signalled by the second v
Page 368 and 369: fronting. To implement this idea fo
Page 370 and 371: allophone of /i/, as shown in (8.13
Page 372 and 373: In the analysis sketched above what
Page 374 and 375: emerge as one of the five contrasti
Page 376 and 377: give the correct results for any ar
Page 378 and 379: vowel [ˆ] as having 100% of the co
Page 380 and 381: as noncontrastive for [back], the a
Page 382 and 383: on). Of the possible potential clas
Page 384 and 385: symmetrical. The choice of a featur
Page 386 and 387: (Broe 1993, Frisch 1996), I have gi
Page 388 and 389: (8.23) Features for Bumo Izon stops
Page 390 and 391: (8.26) Similarity measures for Hawa
Page 392 and 393: essentially the same as the one ass
Page 394 and 395: Clements argues that the robustness
Page 396 and 397: feature specifications, a major wea
Page 398 and 399: observed by Stevens, Keyser & Kawas
Page 400 and 401: there are vowels that are [+high, -
Page 402 and 403: . Features that make each other log
Page 404 and 405: [round] > [back] (8.38b). This may
Page 406 and 407: and contradicts the intuition, shar
Page 408 and 409: Thus, the lack of voiced sonorants
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uniting phonologists who do not oth
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short back (or central) low vowel i
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In a hierarchical conception of con
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406
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These two concepts have not always
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410
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Archangeli, Diana and Douglas Pulle
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Bolognesi, Roberto (1998). The phon
Page 426 and 427:
Cherry, E. Colin, Morris Halle and
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Linguistics (Special Issue on Contr
Page 430 and 431:
Association, 82-93. Département de
Page 432 and 433:
Fikkert, Paula (1994). On the Acqui
Page 434 and 435:
Hall, Beatrice L. and R. M. R. Hall
Page 436 and 437:
Heffernan, Kevin (2007). The role o
Page 438 and 439:
Itô, Junko and Armin Mester (1986)
Page 440 and 441:
Kaisse, Ellen M. and Patricia A. Sh
Page 442 and 443:
Kuhl, Patricia, K. A. Williams, Fra
Page 444 and 445:
Martinet, André (1960). Éléments
Page 446 and 447:
Paradis, Carole (1988). On constrai
Page 448 and 449:
Radis&ic@, Milica (2007). Velar /g/
Page 450 and 451:
Rose, Sharon (1993). Coronality and
Page 452 and 453:
Steriade, Donca (1995). Underspecif
Page 454 and 455:
Walker, Rachel (2001). Round licens
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