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Martinet, André (1960). Éléments de linguistique générale. Paris: Librairie Armand Colin. Martinet, André (1964). Elements of general linguistics. With a foreword by L. R. Palmer. Translated by Elisabeth Palmer. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Maye, Jessica (2000). The acquisition of speech sound categories on the basis of distributional information. Doctoral dissertation, University of Arizona, Tucson. Maye, Jessica, Janet F. Werker and LouAnn Gerken (2002). Infant sensitivity to distributional information can affect phonetic discrimination. Cognition 82: B101–B111. McCarthy, John J. (1988). Feature geometry and dependency: A review. Phonetica 45: 373–418. Mercado, Raphael (2002). Contrastive theory and Québécois French oral vowels. Paper presented at the MOT Phonology Workshop, McGill University. Mohanan, K. P. (1986). Lexical Phonology. Dordrecht: Reidel. Mohanan, K. P. (1991). On the bases of Radical Underspecification. Natural Language and Linguistic Theory 9: 285–325. Morén, Bruce (2003). The Parallel Structures Model of feature geometry. In Johanna Brugman and Anastasia Riehl, (eds.). Working Papers of the Cornell Phonetics Laboratory, vol. 15, 194–270. Ithaca, New York. Morén, Bruce (2006). Consonant-vowel interactions in Serbian: Features, representations and constraint interactions. Lingua 116: 1198–1244. 434
Moulton, Keir (2003). Deep allophones in the Old English laryngeal system. In Daniel Currie Hall (ed.) Toronto Working Papers in Linguistics (Special Issue on Contrast in Phonology) 20: 157–173. Toronto: Department of Linguistics, University of Toronto. Nevins, Andrew Ira (2004). Conditions on (dis)harmony. Doctoral dissertation, MIT, Cambridge, Mass. Nevins, Andrew Ira (2005). Microvariations in harmony and value-relativized parametrization. Linguistic Variation Yearbook 5: 187–232. Newman, Stanley (1944). The Yokuts language of California. New York: The Viking Fund Publications in Anthropology #2. Ní Chiosáin, Máire and Jaye Padgett (2001). Markedness, segment realization and locality in spreading. In Linda Lombardi (ed.) Constraints and representations: Segmental phonology in Optimality Theory, 118-156. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Padgett, Jaye (1991). Stricture in feature geometry. Doctoral dissertation, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Mass. Padgett, Jaye (2002). Feature classes in phonology. Language 78: 81–110. Padgett, Jaye (2003a). Contrast and post-velar fronting in Russian. Natural Language and Linguistic Theory 21: 39–87. Padgett, Jaye (2003b). The emergence of contrastive palatalization in Russian. In D. Eric Holt (ed.) Optimality Theory and language change (Studies in Natural Language and Linguistic Theory 56), 307–335. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers. 435
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The Contrastive Hierarchy in Phonol
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course with Keren Rice at the Cente
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Table of Contents Acknowledgements
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6.7. Underspecified inputs.........
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(Chen 1972). In final open syllable
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For example, given a language in wh
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difficulty Czech speakers have in r
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four-vowel system /i, e, a, u/. Eve
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sonority (say, /a/) and one of less
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Halle (1959) against the structural
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former approach, pairwise compariso
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Chapter 7 presents a series of case
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these features. And yet, none of th
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2.2. Contrastive specification by p
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to /p/, that is, a voiceless nasal
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collaborators. Rather than make pai
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. If the set is found to consist of
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This kind of reasoning, which I wil
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edundancy, and this conflation of t
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in (2.13). /p/ is characterized as
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voiced, and the same holds for [nas
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The problem of too many features do
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(2.21) Three-vowel system, features
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[+back]. The addition of the featur
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. Specifications according to the p
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pairwise method. One might reason t
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the program generated up to 52 colu
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properly contrastive specifications
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discussion here, because they inter
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There are different kinds of binary
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(2.30) Contrastive specifications:
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algorithm that assigns feature valu
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feature ordering, for there is empi
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contrastive in a given language; th
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(3.1) Different phonetics, similar
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the wrong place in the pattern of D
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c. Consonants obstruent sonorant vo
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proposing certain contrastive relat
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The phonologically relevant marks o
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1. First, divide the inventory by t
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[T]he opposition d-n (as in French)
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that these features are contrastive
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a contrastive hierarchy, but not in
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only the fact that lips and tip of
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ts, s, z/ and /k, x, ƒ/, respectiv
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3.3.3.2. Vowel systems Polabian In
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(3.14) Triangular system with schwa
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three vertical sets, as in (3.18).
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Though the above analysis is the ty
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In these examples there appears to
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classify them according to their fu
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Trubetzkoy’s criteria, variation
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o o^ O O^ a) e) o) O) ´ Vocality +
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Subtree (3.28b) depicts the contras
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Twaddell (1935)…’ 16 Second, th
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After considering the merits of eac
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3.6.2. Hockett’s approach in prac
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decisions here are not arbitrary (t
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obstruent and sonorant coming secon
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chapter). I have argued that issues
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(3.39) Diagnostics used in identify
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(3.41) Contrast and phonological ac
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and (2) contrastive features are as
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emphasis on dichotomies as a fundam
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implication’ that are ‘universa
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in the low vowels (0.11121). These
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they observe that a set of eight ph
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illustrates that the concept of the
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esult in all phonemes receiving a v
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n m n@ r l l’ i u e o a Vocality
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approach. Perhaps because of this J
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(4.10) Contrastive hierarchy: Stand
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acoustics. Halle sets out a number
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allophonic realizations of phonemes
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tS S Z k kJ g x j r rJ l lJ vocalic
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the sonorant l). The rule that chan
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and redundant features: only the fo
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Phonological theory, however, did n
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. Phonological rules i. [ ] [-g] i
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Stanley (1967: 416) considers the c
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edundant features. This argument wo
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equire a different tree in which [s
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158
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c. Consonants: velopalatal vs. labi
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arguments of Bloomfield 1933). Inst
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ules to which a purely formal evalu
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nevertheless interact with the phon
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the rule replacing [m F] as the com
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(5.4) Markedness matrices for vowel
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emains /a, i, u/. The vowels /i, u/
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d. XI [u high] [-high] / Kean prop
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capture co-occurrence restrictions
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distinguish between contrastive and
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manipulates only +/- values, not m/
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Linking crucially depends on the fe
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of underspecification theory and le
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marked on sonorants in the lexicon
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Kiparsky’s analysis thus mirrors
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constrain this process by a hierarc
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RU does not fully adopt the Contras
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minimality. This leaves us with the
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Similar results can be shown to be
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for example, the underlying vowel s
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5.3.3. Contrastive Specification St
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(5.31) Pasiego Spanish vowels: Poss
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all logical redundancies, nor does
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Hume 1995, Halle 1995), Government
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.Vocoids laryngeal [spread] [constr
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5.4.2. Terminal features and the co
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A fourth difference is that the var
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Intuitively, the two segments diffe
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epresentations beyond the needs of
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218
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6.2. Optimality Theory OT (Prince a
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convert the coda into an onset, and
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eing equal, this implies that a son
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6.3.2. Contrast as an emergent Kirc
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6.4. The contrastive hierarchy in O
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6.4.2. Inputs What should be the in
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(6.12) Contrastive hierarchy for Cl
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(6.14) Classical Manchu constraint
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epresentation because it, too, viol
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We can mimic the effect of the Pair
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limiting specifications to those th
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and the rest of the features are re
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to adopt privative features, where
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6.7. Underspecified inputs The noti
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(6.29) Implicational constraints fo
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In (6.31), these constraints are ad
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252
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(6.17) Full specification of all fe
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(6.21) Underspecification by means
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(6.24) Illicit fully specified inpu
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(6.27) Underspecified input Input:
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262
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value: the fact that all the alloph
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7.2.1. Contrast and markedness MCS
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(7.2) Contrastive features for dial
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analysis is ‘abstract’ with res
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universal; we will see in §7.4 tha
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feature [high], the contrastively [
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phonological analysis. This should
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7.3.2. Implicit feature hierarchies
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elations among features. This is no
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dialects with similar-looking inven
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this burden exists independently of
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(7.12) Classical Manchu vowel syste
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7.4.1.1. ATR harmony All vowels in
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(7.17) Stems with only /i/: Suffixe
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no surprise, therefore, to see this
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[coronal] is contributed by /i/, bu
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296 c. Xibe: [low] > [coronal] > [l
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(7.24) Turkish vowel system coronal
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(7.26) ATR harmony: /Q/ alternates
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ordered before one based on place (
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hierarchy we arrived at earlier; in
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(7.37) Role of IO-IDENT[back] (adap
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contrastive features to the stem-fi
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(7.40) Pasiego metaphony does not a
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O/, but its scope is limited to the
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one step further, arguing that the
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spreading [high] to a mid vowel uns
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(7.47) Bumo Izon labial and alveola
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and, in the framework of generative
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French contrastive feature hierarch
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(7.54) NZ Ma#ori adaptation of Engl
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obstruent, not /k/: /h/ is not sono
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While the contrastive hierarchy has
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fundamental perceptual-cognitive bu
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their perceptual system to the cont
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figure in the phonology. I conclude
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the postlexical or phonetic compone
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However, when /r&/ devoices it does
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340
Page 352 and 353:
342
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theory is indirectly sensitive to t
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Constraint (8.1a) provokes labial h
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8.3. Dispersion-theoretic approache
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evaluation of phonetic distance app
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specified [+back]. The vowels /i/ a
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change, traditionally known as the
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primarily signalled by the second v
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fronting. To implement this idea fo
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allophone of /i/, as shown in (8.13
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In the analysis sketched above what
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emerge as one of the five contrasti
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give the correct results for any ar
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vowel [ˆ] as having 100% of the co
Page 380 and 381:
as noncontrastive for [back], the a
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on). Of the possible potential clas
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symmetrical. The choice of a featur
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(Broe 1993, Frisch 1996), I have gi
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(8.23) Features for Bumo Izon stops
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(8.26) Similarity measures for Hawa
Page 392 and 393:
essentially the same as the one ass
Page 394 and 395: Clements argues that the robustness
Page 396 and 397: feature specifications, a major wea
Page 398 and 399: observed by Stevens, Keyser & Kawas
Page 400 and 401: there are vowels that are [+high, -
Page 402 and 403: . Features that make each other log
Page 404 and 405: [round] > [back] (8.38b). This may
Page 406 and 407: and contradicts the intuition, shar
Page 408 and 409: Thus, the lack of voiced sonorants
Page 410 and 411: uniting phonologists who do not oth
Page 412 and 413: short back (or central) low vowel i
Page 414 and 415: In a hierarchical conception of con
Page 416 and 417: 406
Page 418 and 419: These two concepts have not always
Page 420 and 421: 410
Page 422 and 423: Archangeli, Diana and Douglas Pulle
Page 424 and 425: Bolognesi, Roberto (1998). The phon
Page 426 and 427: Cherry, E. Colin, Morris Halle and
Page 428 and 429: Linguistics (Special Issue on Contr
Page 430 and 431: Association, 82-93. Département de
Page 432 and 433: Fikkert, Paula (1994). On the Acqui
Page 434 and 435: Hall, Beatrice L. and R. M. R. Hall
Page 436 and 437: Heffernan, Kevin (2007). The role o
Page 438 and 439: Itô, Junko and Armin Mester (1986)
Page 440 and 441: Kaisse, Ellen M. and Patricia A. Sh
Page 442 and 443: Kuhl, Patricia, K. A. Williams, Fra
Page 446 and 447: Paradis, Carole (1988). On constrai
Page 448 and 449: Radis&ic@, Milica (2007). Velar /g/
Page 450 and 451: Rose, Sharon (1993). Coronality and
Page 452 and 453: Steriade, Donca (1995). Underspecif
Page 454 and 455: Walker, Rachel (2001). Round licens
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