247 tion <strong>of</strong> Nature and Natural Resources/Species Survival Commission Canid Specialist Group. Gland, Switzerland. Giri, B.K. (2009). Habitat Suitability Mapping and Species Identification <strong>of</strong> Chiroptera (A Case Study From Kaski District), Institute <strong>of</strong> Forestry, Pokhara Campus, 67, Tribhuvan University, Pokhara, Nepal. Gompper, M. E. & Vanak. A. T. (2006). Vulpes bengalensis. Mammalian Species. 795:1–5. Government <strong>of</strong> Nepal. Nepal Fourth <strong>National</strong> Report To <strong>The</strong> Convention On Biological Diversity (2009). Government <strong>of</strong> Nepal, Ministry <strong>of</strong> Forest and Soil Conservation. Grassman, L. I. Jr., Tewes, M. E., Silvy, N. J. & Kreetiyutanont, K. (2005a). Ecology <strong>of</strong> three sympatric felids in a mixed evergreen forest in North-central Thailand, Journal <strong>of</strong> Mammalogy. 86(1):29-38. Green, M.J.B. (1986). <strong>The</strong> distribution, status and conservation <strong>of</strong> the Himalayan musk deer. Biological Conservation. 35:347-375. Green, M. J. B. (1987a). Some Ecological Aspects <strong>of</strong> a Himalayan Population <strong>of</strong> Musk Deer. In: Biology and Management <strong>of</strong> the Cervidae. (Wemmer, C. M.ed.). Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC. 307-319pp Green, R. (1991). Wild cat species <strong>of</strong> the world. Basset Publications, Plymouth, United Kingdom. 163pp. Grzimek, B. (1990). Grzimek’s Encyclopedia <strong>of</strong> <strong>Mammals</strong>. New York: McGraw-Hill, Inc. Grimmett, R., Inskipp, C. & Inskipp, T. (2009). Birds <strong>of</strong> Nepal. Om Books International. New Dehli. Groves, C. P., Yingxiang, W. & Grubb, P. (1995). Taxonomy <strong>of</strong> Musk-Deer, Genus Moschus (Moschidae, Mammalia). Acta <strong>The</strong>riologica Sinica. 15(3):181-197. Gunderson, S.K. (1999). Snow Leopard in Nepal. WWF Nepal Program. Gurung, J. B. (1995). Population, habitat selection and conservation <strong>of</strong> the Himalayan tahr in Annapurna sanctuary, Nepal. M.Sc. thesis. Agricultural university <strong>of</strong> Norway. Gurung, K. K. & Singh, R. (1996). Field Guide to the <strong>Mammals</strong> <strong>of</strong> the Indian Subcontinent. Academic Press, San Diego. Gurung, G. & Thapa, K. (2004). Snow Leopard (Uncia uncia) and Human Interaction in Phoo Village in the Annapurna Conservation Area, Nepal. Report.15pp. Gurung, B., Smith, J.L.D., McDougal, C. & Karki, J. (2006). Tiger Human conflicts: Investigating ecological and sociological issues <strong>of</strong> tiger conservation in the buffer zone <strong>of</strong> Chitwan <strong>National</strong> Park, Nepal. WWF Nepal. Harris, R.B. (2008a). Pseudois nayaur. In: <strong>IUCN</strong> 2010. <strong>IUCN</strong> <strong>Red</strong> <strong>List</strong> <strong>of</strong> Threatened Species. Version 2010.1. Available at: www.iucnredlist.org. Harrison, D. L. & Bates, P. J. J. (1991). <strong>The</strong> <strong>Mammals</strong> <strong>of</strong> Arabia. Harrison Zoological Museum. Sevenoaks, UK. Harrje, C. (1994). Fledermaus-Massenwinterquartier in der Levensauer Kanalhochbrücke bei Kiel.- Nyctalus (N.F.). 5:274-276. Hayssen, V., van Tienhoven, A. & van Tienhoven, A. (1993). Asdell’s Patterns <strong>of</strong> Mammalian Reproduction: A Compendium <strong>of</strong> Species-specific Data. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, New York, USA. Heaney, L. R., Balete, D. S., Dolar, M. L., Alcala, A. C., Dans, A. T. L., Gonzales, P. C., Ingle, N. R., Lepiten, M. V., Oliver, W. L. R., Ong, P. S., Rickart, E. A., Tabaranza Jr., B. R. & Utzurrum, R. C. B. (1998). A synopsis <strong>of</strong> the Mammalian Fauna <strong>of</strong> the Philippine Islands. Fieldiana Zoology. 88:1-61. Heath, M. (1995). Manis crassicaudata. Mammalian Species. 513:1-4 Hedges, S., Baral, H.S, Timmins, R.J. & Duckworth, J.W. (2008). Bubalus arnee. In: <strong>IUCN</strong> 2010. <strong>IUCN</strong> <strong>Red</strong> <strong>List</strong> <strong>of</strong> Threatened Species. Version 2010.4. Available at: www.iucnredlist.org. H<strong>of</strong>er, H. & Mills, G. (1998). Population size, threats and conservation status <strong>of</strong> hyaenas. In: Hyaenas. <strong>Status</strong> Survey and Conservation Action Plan (compilers G. Mills & H. H<strong>of</strong>er). <strong>IUCN</strong>/SSC Hyaena Specialist Group. <strong>IUCN</strong>, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK. 64-79pp. Home, C. & Jhala, Y.V. (2009). Food habits <strong>of</strong> the Indian fox (Vulpes bengalensis) in Kutch, Gujarat, India. Mammalian Biology- Zeitschrift fur Saugetierkunde. 74(5):403-411. Hubback, T. (1937). <strong>The</strong> Malayan gaur or seladang. Journal <strong>of</strong> Mammalogy. 18(3):267-279. Hussain, S.A. & de Silva, P.K. (2008). Aonyx cinerea. In: <strong>IUCN</strong> 2010. <strong>IUCN</strong> <strong>Red</strong> <strong>List</strong> <strong>of</strong> Threatened Species. Version 2010.4. Available at:www.iucnredlist.org. Hutson, A. M., Mickleburgh, S. P & Racey, P. A. (2001). Microchiropteran Bats - Global <strong>Status</strong> Survey and Conservation Action Plan. <strong>IUCN</strong>, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, U.K. Hutson, A. M., Aulagnier, S., Benda, P., Karataş, A., Palmeirim, J. & Paunović, M. (2008a). Miniopterus schreibersii. In: <strong>IUCN</strong> 2009. <strong>IUCN</strong> <strong>Red</strong> <strong>List</strong> <strong>of</strong> Threatened Species. Version 2009.2. Available at: www.iucnredlist.com. Hutson, A.M., Spitzenberger, F., Aulagnier, S., Alcaldé, J.T., Csorba, G., Bumrungsri, S., Francis, C., Bates, P., Gumal, M., Kingston, T. & Benda, P. (2008b). Eptesicus serotinus. In: <strong>IUCN</strong> 2010. <strong>IUCN</strong> <strong>Red</strong> <strong>List</strong> <strong>of</strong> Threatened Species. Version 2010.4. Available at: www.iucnredlist.org. Hutson, A.M., Spitzenberger, F., Aulagnier, S., Juste, J., Karataş, A., Palmeirim, J. & Paunović, M. (2008c). Myotis blythii. In: <strong>IUCN</strong> 2009. <strong>IUCN</strong> <strong>Red</strong> <strong>List</strong> <strong>of</strong> Threatened Species. Version 2009.2. Available at: www.iucnredlist.org.
Hutson, A.M., Spitzenberger, F., Aulagnier, S., Coroiu, I., Karataş, A., Juste, J., Paunovic, M., Palmeirim, J. & Benda, P. (2008d). Plecotus auritus. In: <strong>IUCN</strong> 2010. <strong>IUCN</strong> <strong>Red</strong> <strong>List</strong> <strong>of</strong> Threatened Species. Version 2010.4. Available at: www.iucnredlist.org. Hwang, Y.T. & Larivière, S. (2005) Lutrogale perspicillata. Mammalian Species. 786:1–4. ICIMOD (2010). Available at: http://www.icimod.org/?page=110. Inskipp, C. (1988). A birdwatcher’s guide to Nepal. Prion Ltd. Sandy, UK. Inskipp, C. (1989). Nepal’s forest birds: their status and conservation. International Council for Bird Preservation. Monograph No. 4. Cambridge, UK. Indian Tiger Welfare Society. (2005). “Marbled Cat” (Online). Available at http://www.indiantiger.org/wild-cats.html. IMF. (2010). International Monetary fund. Available at: http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2009/01/weodata/groups.htm#ae. IRF. (2009). International Rhino Foundation. Available at: http://www.rhinos-irf.org. <strong>IUCN</strong>. (2001). <strong>IUCN</strong> <strong>Red</strong> <strong>List</strong> Categories and Criteria: Version 3.1. <strong>IUCN</strong> Species Survival Commission. <strong>IUCN</strong>, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK. ii + 30pp. <strong>IUCN</strong>. (2003). Guidelines for Application <strong>of</strong> <strong>IUCN</strong> <strong>Red</strong> <strong>List</strong> Criteria at Regional Levels: Version 3.0. <strong>IUCN</strong> Species Survival Commission. <strong>IUCN</strong>, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK. ii + 26pp. <strong>IUCN</strong> Nepal. (2004). Conservation and sustainable use <strong>of</strong> wetlands in Nepal: Project Brief and Annexes. <strong>IUCN</strong> Nepal, Kathmandu. Unpublished. Jackson, R. (1979). Snow leopards in Nepal. Oryx. 15(2):191-195. Jackson, R. & Ahlborn, G. (1990). <strong>The</strong> role <strong>of</strong> protected areas in Nepal in maintaining viable population <strong>of</strong> snow leopards. Intl. Ped. Book <strong>of</strong> Snow Leopard. 6:51-69. Jefferson, T., Webber, M. & Pitman, R. (2008). Marine <strong>Mammals</strong> <strong>of</strong> the World: A Comprehensive Guide to their Identification. San Diego, CA: Academic Press. Jiang, Y. (1998). <strong>The</strong> observation <strong>of</strong> reproduction in the captive Alpine musk deer. Chinese Journal <strong>of</strong> Zoology. 21(4):23–25 (in Chinese with English abstract). Jnawali, S.R., Pradhan, N.M.B., Chapagain, N.R., Murphy, S., Amin, R. (2009), <strong>The</strong> status and distribution <strong>of</strong> the greater one-horned rhino in Nepal, DNPWC, Kathmandu, Nepal. Johnson, D. H., S. D. Ripley, and K. Thonglongya. (1980). <strong>Mammals</strong> from Nepal. Journal <strong>of</strong> the Bombay Natural History Society 77:56–63. Joshi, D. (2004). <strong>Status</strong>, Distribution and Management <strong>of</strong> River dolphin (Platanista gangetica) in Lowland Karnali. M.Sc. <strong>The</strong>sis, Pokhara University, Nepal. Kafle, G. (2007). <strong>Status</strong> and conservation <strong>of</strong> Ramsar sites and associated biodiversity in Nepal with emphasis on Ghodaghodi Lake Area. M.Sc. thesis submitted to Institute <strong>of</strong> Forestry, Office <strong>of</strong> the Dean, Pokhara, Nepal. Kafle, G. (2009). A review on Research and Conservation <strong>of</strong> Otters in Nepal, <strong>IUCN</strong> Otter Specialist Group Bulletin. 1:32-43, <strong>IUCN</strong>. Kang, H. & Alexander, S.M. (2009). Relative Accuracy <strong>of</strong> Spatial Predictive Models for Lynx lynx canadensis derived using logistic regression-AIC, multiple criteria evaluation and Bayesian approaches. Current Zoology. 55(1):28-40. Karanth, K. U. & Nichols, J. D. (1998). Estimating tiger densities in India from camera trap data using photographic captures and recaptures. Ecology. 79(8):2852-2862. Karanth, K.U. & Stith, B.M. (1999). Prey depletion as a critical determinant <strong>of</strong> tiger population viability. Riding <strong>The</strong> Tiger: Tiger Conservation in humandominated landscapes. Available at: http://www.savethetigerfund.org/Content/NavigationMenu2/Learn/LessonsinConservation/Riding<strong>The</strong>TigerBook/ default.htm. 100-114pp. Karki, J. B., Jnawali, S. R., Shrestha, R., Pandey, M. B., Gurung, G. & Thapa (Karki), M. (2009). Tiger and <strong>The</strong>ir Prey Base Abundance in Terai Arc Landscape Nepal. Government <strong>of</strong> Nepal, Ministry <strong>of</strong> Forests and Soil Conservation, Department <strong>of</strong> <strong>National</strong> Parks and Wildlife Conservation and Department <strong>of</strong> Forests. Karki, J. B. (2010). Press Release on updating the number <strong>of</strong> tiger in Chitwan <strong>National</strong> Park. Available at: www.forestrynepal.org/article/834/4754. Karanth, K.U. and Stith.M.B. (1999). Prey depletion as a critical determinant <strong>of</strong> tiger population visibility. Pp 100-113 in Riding the Tiger: Tiger conservation in human dominated landscapes. (J. Seidensticker, S. Christie, and P. Jackson, eds). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK. Kaspal, P. (2008). <strong>Status</strong>, Distribution, Habitat Utilization and Conservation <strong>of</strong> Manis pentadactyla Linnaeus, 1758 (Chinese pangolin) in the Community Forests <strong>of</strong> Suryabinayak Range Post, Bhaktapur District. M.Sc. <strong>The</strong>sis. Environmental Science. Kasuya,T. & Haque, A.K.M. Aminul. (1972). Some Information on the Distribution and Seasonal Movement <strong>of</strong> the Ganges Dolphin. Scientific Reports <strong>of</strong> the Whales Research Institute (Tokyo) 24:109-115. Khammes, N. & Aulagnier, S. (2007). Diet <strong>of</strong> the wood mouse, Apodemus sylvaticus in three biotopes <strong>of</strong> Kabylie <strong>of</strong> Djurdjura (Algeria). Folia Zoologica. 56(3):243–252. Khanal, B. (2007). New Report on the Symbiotic Relation <strong>of</strong> Ochotona roylei (Lagomorpha: Ochotonidae) and Scaly Breasted Wren Babbler (Pnoepyge albiventer) at Ganesh Himalaya Areas <strong>of</strong> Central Nepal. Our Nature. 5:37-40. Khanal, P., Khanal, S.N., Jnawali, S. R. & Pathak, S. R. (2002). Study on the land use <strong>of</strong> proposed blackbuck conservation area, Khairapur, Bardia district and habitat options for translocation <strong>of</strong> blackbuck (Antelope cervicapra) at Royal Suklaphanta wildlife reserve in Kanchanpur district, Nepal, by using GIS. 1-8pp. 248
- Page 1 and 2:
The Status of Nepal’s Mammals: Th
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The Status of Nepal’s Mammals: Th
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Preface It is with great pleasure t
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Himalayan Nature for use of the ill
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viii
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eing the predominant practice. The
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Figure 1: Protected areas of Nepal.
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Status of Nepal’s Mammals Of the
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Figure 3: Status of mammals in Nepa
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Bat species make up almost a quarte
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increasing. Tuberculosis is an incr
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Table 4: Primary, secondary and ter
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Legal Status This includes both int
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UNGULATES [CETARTIODACTYLA (Includi
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Conservation Measures in Place None
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References Prater 1971, Suwal and V
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is so small that it has been deemed
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Conservation Measures in Place None
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7) Bubalus arnee (Kerr, 1792) Commo
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months. Asian Elephants can live up
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May to September, after a gestation
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National Distribution This species
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isk to the species including foot-a
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13) Boselaphus tragocamelus (Pallas
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Species Ecology The Gaur occurs in
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Although estimates of Kiang numbers
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• Habitat loss and degradation du
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have been observed to migrate to hi
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LEAST CONCERN 20) Pseudois nayaur (
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Moldova, Monaco, Mongolia, Monteneg
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Distribution outside Nepal Banglade
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including Dhorpatan Hunting Reserve
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National Distribution This species
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CARNIVORES [CARNIVORA] 58
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Finland, France, Georgia, Germany,
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References Pasitschniak-Arts 1993 (
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32) Cuon alpinus (Pallas, 1811) Com
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effect from populations in India is
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Distribution outside Nepal Banglade
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36) Melursus ursinus (Shaw, 1791) C
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gated threats, namely poaching for
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National Distribution Royal Bengal
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Conservation Measures in Place Gove
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41) Prionodon pardicolor (Hodgson,
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Sagarmatha, Langtang, Shivapuri Nag
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i) Conduct research using direct an
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45) Panthera pardus (Schlegel, 1857
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spanning the country. Although the
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NEAR THREATENED 48) Lutra lutra (Li
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species is omnivorous and feeds on
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Conservation Status Global: Least C
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Conservation Status Global: Least C
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Afghanistan, Albania, Armenia, Aust
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References Suwal and Verheugt 1995,
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DATA DEFICIENT 60) Aonyx cinerea (I
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62) Arctonyx collaris (F.G. Cuvier,
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information available to make an ac
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67) Mustela strigidorsa (Gray, 1853
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maturity at 18 to 24 months for fem
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gestation period of 49 to 55 days.
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PRIMATES 112
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National Distribution The Assam Mac
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to that of S. enetellus, which has
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Conservation Status Global: Endange
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SMALL MAMMALS [EULIPOTYPHLA, LAGOMO
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References Suwal and Veheught 1995,
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occurs in neighbouring countries, i
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(15 to 18 scales over the body). Sc
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Conservation Measures in Place None
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National: Least Concern Rationale f
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tolerance of a broad range of habit
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89) Dremomys lokriah (Hodgson, 1836
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91) Episoriculus leucops (Horsfield
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Species Description Red-brown roden
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Rationale for assessment: This spec
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References Suwal and Verheugt 1995,
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(Blyth, 1852); Mus cunicularis (Bly
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Species Description Fur usually his
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the National Parks). Distribution o
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107) Petaurista petaurista (Pallas,
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109) Rattus norvegicus (Berkenhout,
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Species Description A medium-sized
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murinus fulvocinereus, Crocidura (P
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Least Concern in view of its wide d
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118) Alticola stoliczkanus (Blanfor
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Legal Status National Parks and Wil
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Species Description Grey body above
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126) Dacnomys millardi (Thomas, 191
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129) Euroscaptor micrura (Hodgson,
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131) Hystrix indica (Kerr, 1792) Co
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cervicolor palnica (Thomas, 1924) S
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Species Ecology The Elegant Water S
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139) Ochotona curzoniae (Hodgson, 1
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occurring in high alpine deserts an
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National Park, Rara National Park a
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species is lacking a median dorsal
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149) Rattus andamanensis (Blyth, 18
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152) Sorex minutus (Linnaeus, 1766)
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154) Suncus stoliczkanus (Anderson,
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BATS [CHIROPTERA] 190
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Conservation Measures in Place None
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Conservation Status Global: Least C
- Page 205 and 206: 160) Philetor brachypterus (Temminc
- Page 207 and 208: 162) Murina aurata (Milne-Edwards,
- Page 209 and 210: LEAST CONCERN 164) Barbastella leuc
- Page 211 and 212: References Suwal and Verheught 1995
- Page 213 and 214: 168) Megaderma lyra (E. Geoffroy, 1
- Page 215 and 216: References Csorba et al. 1999, Myer
- Page 217 and 218: 172) Myotis muricola (Gray, 1864) C
- Page 219 and 220: 174) Myotis siligorensis (Horsfield
- Page 221 and 222: 176) Pipistrellus javanicus (Gray,
- Page 223 and 224: 178) Pteropus giganteus (Brünnich,
- Page 225 and 226: References Suwal and Verheugt 1995,
- Page 227 and 228: 182) Rhinolophus macrotis (Blyth, 1
- Page 229 and 230: 184) Rhinolophus pusillus (Temminck
- Page 231 and 232: 186) Rousettus leschenaultii (Desma
- Page 233 and 234: References Suwal and Verheugt 1995,
- Page 235 and 236: National Distribution This species
- Page 237 and 238: 193) Hesperoptenus tickelli (Blyth,
- Page 239 and 240: dilapidated buildings, temples, cav
- Page 241 and 242: 198) Murina huttoni (Peters, 1872)
- Page 243 and 244: above the projecting basal lobule.
- Page 245 and 246: Israel, Italy, Kazakhstan, Latvia,
- Page 247 and 248: 205) Rhinolophus subbadius (Blyth,
- Page 249 and 250: Pelage long and dense, grey-brown a
- Page 251 and 252: 242
- Page 253 and 254: Basille, M., Calengea, C., Marbouti
- Page 255: Dhungel, S. K. & O’Gara, B. W. (1
- Page 259 and 260: Mayer, F., Petit, E. & Helversen, O
- Page 261 and 262: Roberts, M. S. & Gittleman, J. L. (
- Page 263 and 264: Thapa, S.B. (2009). First phase sur
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- Page 267 and 268: Mustela erminea Ermine DD Mustela k
- Page 269 and 270: Nectogale elegans Elegant Water Shr
- Page 271 and 272: Appendix II Summary of the five cri
- Page 273 and 274: Appendix IV: Major roads in Nepal 2
- Page 275: Appendix VI: Major river systems in