249 Khandel, R.C. & Jhala, Y.V. (2008). Demographic Structure Activity Patterns. Habitat Use and Food habits <strong>of</strong> Rhinoceros unicornis in Chitwan <strong>National</strong> Park, Nepal. Journal <strong>of</strong> Bombay Natural History Society. 105(1):5-13. King, C. M. (1983). Mustela erminea. Mammalian Species. 197:1-8. Knibbe, N., Laubach, Z. Hutzley, V. & P. Myers. (2009). “Pard<strong>of</strong>elis marmorata” (Online), Animal Diversity Web. Available at: http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich. edu/site/accounts/information/Pard<strong>of</strong>elis_marmorata.html. Korad,V., Yardi, K & Raut, R. (2007). Diversity and Distribution <strong>of</strong> bats in the Western Ghtas <strong>of</strong> India. Zoo’s Print Journal. 22(7):2752-2758. Krishna, Y.C., Clyne, P.J., Krishnaswamy, J. & Kumar, N.S. (2009). Distributional and ecological review <strong>of</strong> the four horned antelope, Tetracerus quadricornis. Mammalia. 73:1–6. Kushwaha, H. P. (1986). Comparison <strong>of</strong> census data for wild buffalo and domestic livestocks (buffalo and cow) in Koshi Tappu Wildlife Reserve. Unpublished project report, Institute <strong>of</strong> Forestry, Thribhuan University, Nepal. Lancaster, W.E. (1975). Exhibiting and Breeding the Asian small clawed otter, Amblonyx cinerea at Adelaide Zoo. International Zoo Yearbook. 15:63-65. Lariviere, S. (2003). Amblonyx cinereus. Mammalian species. 720:1–5. Lasiwa, T.K. (1999). Population status Habitat mapping <strong>of</strong> Nilgai (Boselaphus tragocamelus) and vegetation analysis <strong>of</strong> South Western section <strong>of</strong> the Royal Bardia <strong>National</strong> Park, Nepal. Central Department <strong>of</strong> Zoology. Tribhuwan University. 93pp. Lathiya, S.B., Khokhar, A.R (deceased) and Ahmed, S.M . (2003). Population Dynamics <strong>of</strong> S<strong>of</strong>t-Furred Field Fat, Millardia meltada, in Rice and wheat Fields in Central Punjab, Pakistan. Turk J Zool 27 :155-161 Laurie, E.M.O. (1946). <strong>The</strong> Reproduction <strong>of</strong> the House Mouse (Mus musculus) living in Different Environments. Proceedings <strong>of</strong> the Royal Society <strong>of</strong> London. <strong>Series</strong> B, Biological Sciences. 133(872):248-281. Laurie, A. & Seidensticker, J. (1977). Behavioural ecology <strong>of</strong> the sloth bear (Melursus ursinus). Journal <strong>of</strong> Zoology. 182 (2):187–204. Lee, P-F. & Liao, C. (1998). Species Richness Patterns and Research Trend <strong>of</strong> flying squirrel. Journal <strong>of</strong> Taiwan Museum. 51:1-20. Lekagul, B. & Mcneely, J. A. (1977). <strong>Mammals</strong> <strong>of</strong> Thailand. Sahakarnbhat, Bangkok. 758 pp. Lekagul, B. & Mcneely, J.A. (1988). <strong>Mammals</strong> <strong>of</strong> Thailand, Darnsutha Press (Second Edition). 758 pp. Leslie, D.M. Jr. (2010). Procapra picticaudata (Artiodactyla: Bovidae). Mammalian Species. 42(1):138–148. Liu, Q., Harris, R.B. & Wan, X. (2009). Food habits <strong>of</strong> the Tibetan fox (Vulpes ferrilata) in the Kunlun Mountains, Qinghai Province, China. Mammalian Biology. 75: 283-286. doi:10.1016/j.mambio.2009.02.002 . Lovari, S., Boesi , R., Minder, I., Mucci, N., Randi .E., Dematteis, A. & Ale, S. B. (2009). Restoring a keystone predator may endanger a prey species in a humanaltered ecosystem: the return <strong>of</strong> the snow leopard to Sagarmatha <strong>National</strong> Park. Animal Conservation. 12(6):559–570. Lundrigan, B. & S. Baker. 2003. “Paguma larvata” (Online), Animal Diversity Web. Available at: http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Paguma_larvata.html Lydekker, R. (1926). <strong>The</strong> game animals <strong>of</strong> India, Burma, Malaya and Tibet. Rowland Ward, London, UK. Mahato, N. K. (2003). <strong>Status</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Red</strong> panda Ailurus fulgens (Cuvier, 1825) in the Kanchenjunga Conservation Area, Nepal. B.Sc. project paper submitted to Institute <strong>of</strong> Forestry, Tribhuvan University, Pokhara, Nepal. Mahato, N. K. (2004). Baseline survey <strong>of</strong> <strong>Red</strong> panda Ailurus fulgens status in the buffer zone <strong>of</strong> Sagarmatha <strong>National</strong> Park. A report submitted to WWF Nepal Program, Kathmandu, Nepal. Mahato, N. K. (2010a). A comprehensive report on “Study on ecology, behaviour and conservation <strong>of</strong> red panda in the Sacred Himalayan Landscape <strong>of</strong> Nepal.” Report submitted by <strong>Red</strong> Panda Network-Nepal to WWF Nepal Program. Mahato, N. K. (2010b). Distribution <strong>of</strong> <strong>Red</strong> panda Ailurus fulgens (Cuvier, 1825) in Nepal based on a predictive model. M.Sc. thesis submitted to Texas State University, USA. Mahato, N.K. & Karki, J.B. (2005). Distribution and Habitat assessment <strong>of</strong> red panda (Ailurus fulgens) in KCA with reference to Riya Samba and Lama Khanak forest, <strong>The</strong> Nepal Journal <strong>of</strong> forestry. 12(3):32-40. Mallon, D.P. (2008). Antilope cervicapra. In: <strong>IUCN</strong> 2009. <strong>IUCN</strong> <strong>Red</strong> <strong>List</strong> <strong>of</strong> Threatened Species. Version 2009.2. Available at: www.iucnredlist.org. Martin C. (1977). <strong>Status</strong> and ecology <strong>of</strong> the Barasingha (Cervus duvauceli branderi) in Kanha <strong>National</strong> Park (India). Journal <strong>of</strong> the Bombay Natural History Society 74:60-132. Martinoli, A., Preatoni, D.G., Chiarenzi, B., Wauters, L. A. & Tosi, G. (2001). Diet <strong>of</strong> stoats (Mustela erminea) in an Alpine habitat: <strong>The</strong> importance <strong>of</strong> fruit consumption in summer. Acta Oecologica. 22(1):45-53. Mauget, C., Mauget, R. & Dubost, G. (2000). Ex-situ conservation <strong>of</strong> the four-horned antelope: preliminary study <strong>of</strong> captive populations in the zoological parks <strong>of</strong> Paris. 3rd International Symposium on Physiology and Ethology <strong>of</strong> Wild and Zoo Animals. Advances in Ethology, Supplement to Ethology. 35:97.
Mayer, F., Petit, E. & Helversen, O. (2002). Genetische Strukturierung von Populationen des Abendseglers (Nyctalus noctula) in Europa. In: A. Meschede, K. G., Heller and P. Boye (eds), Ökologie, Wanderungen und Genetik von Fledermäusen in Wäldern - Untersuchungen als Grundlage für den Fledermausschutz.- Schriftenr. Landschaftspfl. U. 267-278pp. Mccarthy, T. M., Allen, P. M., Fox, J. Chapron G., Jackson, R. M. Mishra, C. & <strong>The</strong>ile, S. (2003). Snow leopard survival strategy, 1, ISLT, Seattle. McDougal, C. W. (1977). <strong>The</strong> face <strong>of</strong> the tiger. Rivington Books and Andre Deutsch, London. Meng, X., Yang, Q. F. Z., Xia, L., Wang, P. & Jiang, Y. (2003a). Timing and synchrony <strong>of</strong> parturition in alpine musk deer. Folia Zoologica. 52:39-50. Meng, X., Yang, Q. F. Z., Xia, L., Wang, P. & Jiang, Y. (2003b). <strong>The</strong> temporal estrous patterns <strong>of</strong> female alpine musk deer in captivity. Applied Animal Behavior Science. 82:75-85. Miller, D.J., Harris, R.B. & Cui-Quan, C. (1994). Wild yak and their conservation in the Tibetan Plateau. Proceedings <strong>of</strong> the first international congress on yak. Journal <strong>of</strong> Gansu Agricultural University. Special issue June 1994:27-35. Mishra, H. R. (1982a). <strong>The</strong> ecology and behaviour <strong>of</strong> Chital (Axis axis) in the Royal Chitwan <strong>National</strong> Park, Nepal, with comparative studies <strong>of</strong> hog deer (Axis porcinus), sambar (Cervus unicolor) and barking deer {Muntiacus muntjak). PhD Dissertation. University <strong>of</strong> Edinburgh, U.K. 240pp. Mishra, H.R. (1982b). <strong>The</strong> ecology and behaviour <strong>of</strong> Chital (Axis axis) in the Royal Chitwan <strong>National</strong> Park, Nepal. University <strong>of</strong> Edinburgh, UK. 240pp. Mishra, C., Allen, P., Mccarthy, T., Madhusudan, M. D., Bayarjargal, A. & Prins, H.H.T. 2003. <strong>The</strong> role <strong>of</strong> incentive programs in conserving the snow leopard. Conservation Biology. 17(6):1512. Mistry, S. (1995). <strong>The</strong> bats <strong>of</strong> India. Bats. 13(2):11-15. Mitchell, R.M & Punzo, F. (1975). Ochotona Lama SPN (Lagomorpha: Ochotona): A New Pika from the Tibetan Highlands <strong>of</strong> Nepal. Mammalia. 3:419. Mitchell, R. & Punzo, F. (1976). New mammal records from Nepal. Journal <strong>of</strong> the Bombay Natural History Society. 73:54-58. Mitchell, R.M. (1977). Accounts <strong>of</strong> Nepalese mammals and analysis <strong>of</strong> the host-ectoparasite data by computer techniques. PhD dissertation. Iowa State University, Ames. 558pp. Mitchell, R.M. (1980). New records <strong>of</strong> bats (Chiroptera) from Nepal. Mammalia. 3:339-342. Moe, S. & Wegge, P. (1994). Spacing behaviour and habitat use <strong>of</strong> axis deer (Axis axis) in lowland Nepal. Canadian Journal <strong>of</strong> Zoology. 72(10):1735–1744. Moe, S. R. & Wegge, P. (1997). <strong>The</strong> effects <strong>of</strong> cutting and burning on grass quality and axis deer (Axis axis) use <strong>of</strong> grassland in lowland Nepal. Journal <strong>of</strong> Tropical Ecology. 13:279–292. Molur, S. (2008). Sorex excelsus. In: <strong>IUCN</strong> 2011. <strong>IUCN</strong> <strong>Red</strong> <strong>List</strong> <strong>of</strong> Threatened Species. Version 2011.2. . Molur, S., Srinivasulu, C., Bates, P. & Francis, C. (2008). Pteropus giganteus. In: <strong>IUCN</strong> 2010. <strong>IUCN</strong> <strong>Red</strong> <strong>List</strong> <strong>of</strong> Threatened Species. Version 2010.4. www. iucnredlist.org. Molur, S. & Nameer, P.O. (2008). Mus saxicola. In: <strong>IUCN</strong> 2010. <strong>IUCN</strong> <strong>Red</strong> <strong>List</strong> <strong>of</strong> Threatened Species. Version 2010.4. Available at: www.iucnredlist.org. Molur, S. & Walker, S. (2004). Endemic south Asian primates updated on the 2004 <strong>IUCN</strong> <strong>Red</strong> <strong>List</strong>. Zoo’s Print Journal. 8:1551. Molur, S., Marimuthu, G., Srinivasulu, C., Mistry, S., Hutson, A.M., Bates, P.J.J., Walker, S., Padmapriya, K. & Binupriya, A.R. (2002). <strong>Status</strong> <strong>of</strong> South Asian Chiroptera: Conservation Assessment and Management Plan (C.A.M.P) workshop report. Molur, S. M., Douglas, B-J., Wolfgang, D., Eudey, A., Ajith, K., Mewa, S., Feeroz, M.M., Chalise, M., Padma, P. & Walker, S (2003). <strong>Status</strong> <strong>of</strong> South Asian Primates: Conservation assessment and Management Plan (CAMP). Workshop Report, Zoo Outreach Organization/CBSG-south Asia, Coimbatore, India. viii+432pp. Molur, S., Srinivasulu, C., Srinivasulu, B., Walker, S., Nameer, P.O. & Ravikumar, L. (2005). <strong>Status</strong> <strong>of</strong> non-volant small mammals: Conservation Assessment and Management Plan (C.A.M.P) workshop report. ZOO, CBSG-SA, WILD. 618pp Moreno, P. (2003). Ganges and Indus Dolphins. In Grzimek’s Animal Life Encyclopedia (Hutchins, M., Kleiman, D., Geist, V., Murphy, J.B., Thoney, D.A. eds.). Volume 15, (Second Edition). Farmington Hills: Gale Group. 13-17pp. Myers, P., Smith, J. D., Lama, H., Lama, B. & Koopman, K. F. (2000). A recent collection <strong>of</strong> bats from Nepal, with notes on Eptesicus dimissus. Zeitschrift Fur Saugetierkunde. International Journal <strong>of</strong> Mammalian Biology. 65: 49-156. Narayan, G., Deka, P. & Oliver, W. (2008). Porcula salvania. In: <strong>IUCN</strong> 2009. <strong>IUCN</strong> <strong>Red</strong> <strong>List</strong> <strong>of</strong> Threatened Species. Version 2009.2. Available at: www.iucnredlist. org. Nepal <strong>Red</strong> <strong>List</strong> <strong>National</strong> Workshop. (2010). NTNC Research and Conservation Centre. Khulmaltar, Lalitpur, Nepal. Nepal <strong>Red</strong> <strong>List</strong> Field Technicians Consultative Workshop. (2010). NTNC Biodiversity Conservation Centre, Sauraha, Chitwan. Nowak, R. M. (1991). Walker’s <strong>Mammals</strong> <strong>of</strong> the World (Fifth Edition). Baltimore: <strong>The</strong> Johns Hopkins University Press. Nowak, R. (1999). Walker’s <strong>Mammals</strong> <strong>of</strong> the World (Sixth Edition). Baltimore: <strong>The</strong> Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, Maryland. Nowak, R. (2003). Ganges and Indus Dolphins, or Susus. In Walker’s Marine <strong>Mammals</strong> <strong>of</strong> the World, Vol. 2, (First Edition). Baltimore, MD: <strong>The</strong> Johns Hopkins Univesity Press. 128-130pp. 250
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The Status of Nepal’s Mammals: Th
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The Status of Nepal’s Mammals: Th
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Preface It is with great pleasure t
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Himalayan Nature for use of the ill
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viii
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eing the predominant practice. The
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Figure 1: Protected areas of Nepal.
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Status of Nepal’s Mammals Of the
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Figure 3: Status of mammals in Nepa
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Bat species make up almost a quarte
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increasing. Tuberculosis is an incr
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Table 4: Primary, secondary and ter
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Legal Status This includes both int
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UNGULATES [CETARTIODACTYLA (Includi
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Conservation Measures in Place None
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References Prater 1971, Suwal and V
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is so small that it has been deemed
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Conservation Measures in Place None
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7) Bubalus arnee (Kerr, 1792) Commo
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months. Asian Elephants can live up
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May to September, after a gestation
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National Distribution This species
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isk to the species including foot-a
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13) Boselaphus tragocamelus (Pallas
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Species Ecology The Gaur occurs in
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Although estimates of Kiang numbers
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• Habitat loss and degradation du
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have been observed to migrate to hi
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LEAST CONCERN 20) Pseudois nayaur (
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Moldova, Monaco, Mongolia, Monteneg
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Distribution outside Nepal Banglade
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including Dhorpatan Hunting Reserve
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National Distribution This species
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CARNIVORES [CARNIVORA] 58
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Finland, France, Georgia, Germany,
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References Pasitschniak-Arts 1993 (
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32) Cuon alpinus (Pallas, 1811) Com
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effect from populations in India is
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Distribution outside Nepal Banglade
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36) Melursus ursinus (Shaw, 1791) C
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gated threats, namely poaching for
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National Distribution Royal Bengal
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Conservation Measures in Place Gove
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41) Prionodon pardicolor (Hodgson,
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Sagarmatha, Langtang, Shivapuri Nag
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i) Conduct research using direct an
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45) Panthera pardus (Schlegel, 1857
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spanning the country. Although the
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NEAR THREATENED 48) Lutra lutra (Li
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species is omnivorous and feeds on
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Conservation Status Global: Least C
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Conservation Status Global: Least C
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Afghanistan, Albania, Armenia, Aust
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References Suwal and Verheugt 1995,
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DATA DEFICIENT 60) Aonyx cinerea (I
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62) Arctonyx collaris (F.G. Cuvier,
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information available to make an ac
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67) Mustela strigidorsa (Gray, 1853
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maturity at 18 to 24 months for fem
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gestation period of 49 to 55 days.
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PRIMATES 112
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National Distribution The Assam Mac
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to that of S. enetellus, which has
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Conservation Status Global: Endange
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SMALL MAMMALS [EULIPOTYPHLA, LAGOMO
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References Suwal and Veheught 1995,
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occurs in neighbouring countries, i
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(15 to 18 scales over the body). Sc
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Conservation Measures in Place None
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National: Least Concern Rationale f
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tolerance of a broad range of habit
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89) Dremomys lokriah (Hodgson, 1836
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91) Episoriculus leucops (Horsfield
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Species Description Red-brown roden
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Rationale for assessment: This spec
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References Suwal and Verheugt 1995,
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(Blyth, 1852); Mus cunicularis (Bly
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Species Description Fur usually his
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the National Parks). Distribution o
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107) Petaurista petaurista (Pallas,
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109) Rattus norvegicus (Berkenhout,
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Species Description A medium-sized
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murinus fulvocinereus, Crocidura (P
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Least Concern in view of its wide d
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118) Alticola stoliczkanus (Blanfor
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Legal Status National Parks and Wil
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Species Description Grey body above
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126) Dacnomys millardi (Thomas, 191
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129) Euroscaptor micrura (Hodgson,
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131) Hystrix indica (Kerr, 1792) Co
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cervicolor palnica (Thomas, 1924) S
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Species Ecology The Elegant Water S
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139) Ochotona curzoniae (Hodgson, 1
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occurring in high alpine deserts an
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National Park, Rara National Park a
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species is lacking a median dorsal
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149) Rattus andamanensis (Blyth, 18
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152) Sorex minutus (Linnaeus, 1766)
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154) Suncus stoliczkanus (Anderson,
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BATS [CHIROPTERA] 190
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Conservation Measures in Place None
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Conservation Status Global: Least C
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160) Philetor brachypterus (Temminc
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- Page 209 and 210: LEAST CONCERN 164) Barbastella leuc
- Page 211 and 212: References Suwal and Verheught 1995
- Page 213 and 214: 168) Megaderma lyra (E. Geoffroy, 1
- Page 215 and 216: References Csorba et al. 1999, Myer
- Page 217 and 218: 172) Myotis muricola (Gray, 1864) C
- Page 219 and 220: 174) Myotis siligorensis (Horsfield
- Page 221 and 222: 176) Pipistrellus javanicus (Gray,
- Page 223 and 224: 178) Pteropus giganteus (Brünnich,
- Page 225 and 226: References Suwal and Verheugt 1995,
- Page 227 and 228: 182) Rhinolophus macrotis (Blyth, 1
- Page 229 and 230: 184) Rhinolophus pusillus (Temminck
- Page 231 and 232: 186) Rousettus leschenaultii (Desma
- Page 233 and 234: References Suwal and Verheugt 1995,
- Page 235 and 236: National Distribution This species
- Page 237 and 238: 193) Hesperoptenus tickelli (Blyth,
- Page 239 and 240: dilapidated buildings, temples, cav
- Page 241 and 242: 198) Murina huttoni (Peters, 1872)
- Page 243 and 244: above the projecting basal lobule.
- Page 245 and 246: Israel, Italy, Kazakhstan, Latvia,
- Page 247 and 248: 205) Rhinolophus subbadius (Blyth,
- Page 249 and 250: Pelage long and dense, grey-brown a
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- Page 253 and 254: Basille, M., Calengea, C., Marbouti
- Page 255 and 256: Dhungel, S. K. & O’Gara, B. W. (1
- Page 257: Hutson, A.M., Spitzenberger, F., Au
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- Page 263 and 264: Thapa, S.B. (2009). First phase sur
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- Page 267 and 268: Mustela erminea Ermine DD Mustela k
- Page 269 and 270: Nectogale elegans Elegant Water Shr
- Page 271 and 272: Appendix II Summary of the five cri
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