The Status of Nepal's Mammals: The National Red List Series - IUCN

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27 porcinus) has been assessed as Endangered. This species has a small distribution and is suspected to have an area of occupancy of approximately 300 km 2 restricted to three protected areas in the Terai region. Although the species may occur outside of these areas, it faces significant threat from subsistence hunting. Despite the protection of areas of suitable habitat for this species, the succession of grasslands to woodlands and the introduction of invasive species, in particular Mikania micrantha, Lantana camara, Chromolaena odorata, continue to degrade the preferred grassland habitat of this species. The species occurs in the neighbouring Terai grasslands of India, which makes cross-border movement of this species possible. However, this will require maintenance of habitat corridors and stricter measures to curb poaching. Legal Status National Parks and Wildlife Conservation Act 2029 (1973). This species only occurs in protected areas. National Population Size Total: < 2,500 (estimated) Adults: < 1,500 (estimated) Trend: Decreasing However current estimates suggest there may be a total population of less than 2,500 individuals and this population is observed to be in decline. National Distribution This species is found within the protected areas of Bardia National Park, Chitwan National Park, Koshi Tappu Wildlife Reserve, Parsa Wildlife Reserve and Shukla Phanta Wildlife Reserve. The species is locally common and restricted within these protected areas. Distribution outside Nepal Bangladesh, Bhutan, Cambodia, India (northern and northeastern areas including areas of Terai grasslands bordering Nepal), Pakistan. Main Threats • Habitat loss (especially the succession of suitable grassland habitat to woodland). • Habitat degradation (invasive plant species). • Hunting for subsistence. • Impact of dams (flooding of prime grassland habitats). Conservation Measures in Place None. However this species is likely to benefit from conservation measures in place for its sympatric species - the Greater One-horned Rhino. Conservation Recommendations i) Improve habitat management through controlled burning of grasslands and control of the principal invasive plants (Mikania micrantha, Lantana camara, Chromolaena odorata). ii) Assess the impact of the proposed high dam on the Karnali River and other proposed hydropower projects on prime Hog Deer floodplain grassland habitats. iii) Enhance law enforcement outside protected areas through local community participation and engagement. References Seidensticker 1976, Dhungel and O’Gara 1991, Bhowmik and Chakraborty 1999, Bhowmik et al. 1999, Biswas and Mathur 2000, Karanth and Nichols 1998, Biswas 2004, Odden et al. 2005, Timmins et al. 2008a, Sheng and Ohtaishi 1993 in Timmins et al. 2008b, Nepal Red List of Mammals Field Technicians Workshop 2010, Nepal Red List of Mammals National Workshop 2010.
7) Bubalus arnee (Kerr, 1792) Common Names Wild Water Buffalo (English); Arna (Nepali) Synonyms Bos arni (Hamilton Smith, 1827); Bubalus arna (Hodgson, 1841); Bubalus arna macrocerus (Hodgson, 1842); Bos bubalus var. fulvus (Blanford, 1891); Bubalus bubalus septentrionalis (Matschie, 1912); Bubalis bubalis migona (Deraniyagala, 1953) Species Description Large, black and robust, with flat sweeping horns seen on both sexes. Sleeker and heavier than domestic forms. Legs have white stockings from the knee. Species Ecology Wild Water Buffaloes are tied to the availability of water, and prefer low-lying alluvial grasslands and riparian forests and woodlands. They feed mainly on grasses, but will also eat herbs, fruits, bark and crop species including rice, sugarcane and jute. Females reach sexual maturity at three years and typically give birth to a single offspring after a gestation period of ten to eleven months with an inter-calving interval of approximately one year. The maximum known lifespan for Wild Water Buffalo is 25 years in the wild. Conservation Status Global: Endangered A2cde+3cde+4cde; C1 National: Endangered B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii,iv); D Rationale for assessment: The Wild Water Buffalo (Bubalus arnee) has been assessed as Endangered under criterion B. This species is restricted to a single location within Koshi Tappu Wildlife Reserve which amounts to an extent of occurrence of less than 5,000 km 2 . This area is declining in quality due to invasive species (Mikania micrantha, Lantana camara, Chromolaena odorata), human encroachment and conversion of habitat for agriculture and flooding. The most recent census has also revealed that there are fewer than 250 mature individuals which also qualifies the species for Endangered under criterion D. Although this species occurs in neighbouring countries, it is not from areas bordering Nepal and therefore the potential of a rescue effect is considered low. Legal Status CITES Appendix III [Nepal] Listed in the National Parks and Wildlife Conservation Act 2029 (1973) as protected priority species. This species occurs in a single protected area. National Population Size Total: 219 Adults: 132 Trend: Increasing The last census conducted in 2009 recorded 219 individuals with 101 adult females. The global population of Wild Water Buffalo is estimated to be less than 4,000 individuals. National Distribution This species occurs in a single, isolated location (less than 175 km 2 ) in south-east lowland Nepal within the Protected Area of Koshi Tappu Wildlife Reserve. This species occasionally migrates into adjoining areas of Saptari and Sunsari districts on either side of the reserve. 28
Page 1 and 2: The Status of Nepal’s Mammals: Th
Page 3 and 4: The Status of Nepal’s Mammals: Th
Page 5 and 6: Preface It is with great pleasure t
Page 7 and 8: Himalayan Nature for use of the ill
Page 9 and 10: viii
Page 11 and 12: eing the predominant practice. The
Page 13 and 14: Figure 1: Protected areas of Nepal.
Page 15 and 16: Status of Nepal’s Mammals Of the
Page 17 and 18: Figure 3: Status of mammals in Nepa
Page 19 and 20: Bat species make up almost a quarte
Page 21 and 22: increasing. Tuberculosis is an incr
Page 23 and 24: Table 4: Primary, secondary and ter
Page 25 and 26: Legal Status This includes both int
Page 27 and 28: UNGULATES [CETARTIODACTYLA (Includi
Page 29 and 30: Conservation Measures in Place None
Page 31 and 32: References Prater 1971, Suwal and V
Page 33 and 34: is so small that it has been deemed
Page 35: Conservation Measures in Place None
Page 39 and 40: months. Asian Elephants can live up
Page 41 and 42: May to September, after a gestation
Page 43 and 44: National Distribution This species
Page 45 and 46: isk to the species including foot-a
Page 47 and 48: 13) Boselaphus tragocamelus (Pallas
Page 49 and 50: Species Ecology The Gaur occurs in
Page 51 and 52: Although estimates of Kiang numbers
Page 53 and 54: • Habitat loss and degradation du
Page 55 and 56: have been observed to migrate to hi
Page 57 and 58: LEAST CONCERN 20) Pseudois nayaur (
Page 59 and 60: Moldova, Monaco, Mongolia, Monteneg
Page 61 and 62: Distribution outside Nepal Banglade
Page 63 and 64: including Dhorpatan Hunting Reserve
Page 65 and 66: National Distribution This species
Page 67 and 68: CARNIVORES [CARNIVORA] 58
Page 69 and 70: Finland, France, Georgia, Germany,
Page 71 and 72: References Pasitschniak-Arts 1993 (
Page 73 and 74: 32) Cuon alpinus (Pallas, 1811) Com
Page 75 and 76: effect from populations in India is
Page 77 and 78: Distribution outside Nepal Banglade
Page 79 and 80: 36) Melursus ursinus (Shaw, 1791) C
Page 81 and 82: gated threats, namely poaching for
Page 83 and 84: National Distribution Royal Bengal
Page 85 and 86: Conservation Measures in Place Gove
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41) Prionodon pardicolor (Hodgson,
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Sagarmatha, Langtang, Shivapuri Nag
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i) Conduct research using direct an
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45) Panthera pardus (Schlegel, 1857
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spanning the country. Although the
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NEAR THREATENED 48) Lutra lutra (Li
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species is omnivorous and feeds on
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Conservation Status Global: Least C
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Afghanistan, Albania, Armenia, Aust
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References Suwal and Verheugt 1995,
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DATA DEFICIENT 60) Aonyx cinerea (I
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62) Arctonyx collaris (F.G. Cuvier,
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information available to make an ac
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67) Mustela strigidorsa (Gray, 1853
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maturity at 18 to 24 months for fem
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gestation period of 49 to 55 days.
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PRIMATES 112
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National Distribution The Assam Mac
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to that of S. enetellus, which has
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Conservation Status Global: Endange
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SMALL MAMMALS [EULIPOTYPHLA, LAGOMO
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References Suwal and Veheught 1995,
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occurs in neighbouring countries, i
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(15 to 18 scales over the body). Sc
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Conservation Measures in Place None
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National: Least Concern Rationale f
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tolerance of a broad range of habit
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89) Dremomys lokriah (Hodgson, 1836
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91) Episoriculus leucops (Horsfield
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Species Description Red-brown roden
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Rationale for assessment: This spec
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(Blyth, 1852); Mus cunicularis (Bly
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Species Description Fur usually his
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the National Parks). Distribution o
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107) Petaurista petaurista (Pallas,
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109) Rattus norvegicus (Berkenhout,
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Species Description A medium-sized
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murinus fulvocinereus, Crocidura (P
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Least Concern in view of its wide d
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118) Alticola stoliczkanus (Blanfor
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Legal Status National Parks and Wil
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Species Description Grey body above
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126) Dacnomys millardi (Thomas, 191
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129) Euroscaptor micrura (Hodgson,
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131) Hystrix indica (Kerr, 1792) Co
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cervicolor palnica (Thomas, 1924) S
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Species Ecology The Elegant Water S
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139) Ochotona curzoniae (Hodgson, 1
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occurring in high alpine deserts an
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National Park, Rara National Park a
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species is lacking a median dorsal
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149) Rattus andamanensis (Blyth, 18
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152) Sorex minutus (Linnaeus, 1766)
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154) Suncus stoliczkanus (Anderson,
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BATS [CHIROPTERA] 190
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Conservation Measures in Place None
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160) Philetor brachypterus (Temminc
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162) Murina aurata (Milne-Edwards,
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LEAST CONCERN 164) Barbastella leuc
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References Suwal and Verheught 1995
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168) Megaderma lyra (E. Geoffroy, 1
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References Csorba et al. 1999, Myer
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172) Myotis muricola (Gray, 1864) C
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174) Myotis siligorensis (Horsfield
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176) Pipistrellus javanicus (Gray,
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178) Pteropus giganteus (Brünnich,
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182) Rhinolophus macrotis (Blyth, 1
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184) Rhinolophus pusillus (Temminck
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186) Rousettus leschenaultii (Desma
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National Distribution This species
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193) Hesperoptenus tickelli (Blyth,
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dilapidated buildings, temples, cav
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198) Murina huttoni (Peters, 1872)
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above the projecting basal lobule.
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Israel, Italy, Kazakhstan, Latvia,
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205) Rhinolophus subbadius (Blyth,
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Pelage long and dense, grey-brown a
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242
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Basille, M., Calengea, C., Marbouti
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Dhungel, S. K. & O’Gara, B. W. (1
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Hutson, A.M., Spitzenberger, F., Au
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Mayer, F., Petit, E. & Helversen, O
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Roberts, M. S. & Gittleman, J. L. (
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Thapa, S.B. (2009). First phase sur
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256
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Mustela erminea Ermine DD Mustela k
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Nectogale elegans Elegant Water Shr
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Appendix II Summary of the five cri
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Appendix IV: Major roads in Nepal 2
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Appendix VI: Major river systems in
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The Status of Nepal's Mammals: The National Red List Series - IUCN

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