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List of Abbreviations List of Abbreviations AFM Atomic Force Microscopy ASTM American Society for Testing Materials ATCC American Type Culture Collection ATP Adenosine-5'-Triphosphate °C Degrees Celsius CBR CDC Biofilm Reactor CDC Centers for Disease Control and Prevention CEN Européen de Normalisation CFU Colony Forming Units CHX Chlorohexidine CIDR Computerized Infectious Disease Reporting CLSM Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy CSG Curli Subunit Genes DAFF Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food DT Definitive Phage Type EFSA European Food Safety Authority EPS Extracellular Polymeric Substances g grams HMDX Hexamethyldisilizane HPA Health Protection Agency HPCS Health Protection Surveillance Centre K 1000 kHz KiloHetz kV KiloVolts LB Luria Bertani Log 10 Logarithmic value to the power 10 M Moles MBEC Minimum Biofilm Eradication Concentration mg/L milligrams per litre MIC Minimum Inhibitory Concentration xi
List of Abbreviations MLST NARMS N or n NSSLRL O-Ag OD OD 590 P or p PBS pdar PFGE ppm PT PVC Ra rdar rpm saw sbam SD SE SEI SEM Spp. Subsp. TAFI TSA TSB UK US %v/v XLD Multi Locus Sequence Type National Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring Number National Salmonella, Shigella and Listeria Reference Laboratory O-Antigen capsule Optical Density Optical density read at 590nm wavelengths P values Phosphate Buffered Saline Pink Dry and Rough morphology Pulse Field Gel Electrophoresis Parts Per Million Phage Type Polyvinylchloride plastic Mean Surface Roughness Red Dry and Rough Morphology Rates Per Minute Smooth and White morphology Smooth Brown and Mucoid morphology Standard Deviation of the Mean Standard Error of the Mean Secondary Electron Imaging Scanning Electron Microscopy Species Subspecies Thin Aggregative Fibres Tryptic Soy Agar Tryptic Soy Broth United Kingdom United States Percentage Volume Xylose Lysine Deoxychocolate xii
Page 1: Salmonella enterica - biofilm forma
Page 4 and 5: Table of Contents Page Number 1.16.
Page 6 and 7: Table of Contents Page Number 4.1.2
Page 8 and 9: Table of Contents Page Number 6.8.4
Page 10 and 11: List of Abbreviations Table Page Nu
Page 14 and 15: Summary of Content Summary of Conte
Page 16 and 17: “To show your true ability is alw
Page 18 and 19: Acknowledgements ever met, Fiona th
Page 20 and 21: Acknowledgements This Ph.D. thesis
Page 22 and 23: Chapter 1 1.1. Salmonella Salmonell
Page 24 and 25: Chapter 1 may impose enormous costs
Page 26 and 27: Chapter 1 cracks or penetration of
Page 28 and 29: Chapter 1 detected by agglutination
Page 30 and 31: Chapter 1 become colonized with >10
Page 32 and 33: Chapter 1 antigens [z27],[z45] [1].
Page 34 and 35: Chapter 1 S. Agona has also been im
Page 36 and 37: Chapter 1 isolated from undercooked
Page 38 and 39: Chapter 1 The S. Typhimurium strain
Page 40 and 41: Chapter 1 ecosystem with the use of
Page 42 and 43: Chapter 1 [82]. Previous research h
Page 44 and 45: Chapter 1 to genes involved in flag
Page 46 and 47: Chapter 1 observation has also been
Page 48 and 49: Chapter 1 [119] and flow cell react
Page 50 and 51: Chapter 1 based disinfectant) the s
Page 52 and 53: Chapter 1 formation of two strains
Page 54 and 55: Chapter 1 shield the S. Agona cells
Page 56 and 57: Chapter 1 Key Objectives of this st
Page 58 and 59: Chapter 2 2. Abstract Food-borne pa
Page 60 and 61: Chapter 2 indicated that there may
Page 62 and 63:
Chapter 2 taken from industrial set
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Chapter 2 2.1.4. CDC Biofilm Reacto
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Chapter 2 can be performed without
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Chapter 2 To summarise, previous au
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Chapter 2 2.3. Methods for examinin
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Chapter 2 and the biofilm formed th
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Chapter 2 2.4. Statistical Analysis
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Chapter 2 Table 2.1: Strain charact
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Chapter 2 XII. The gas port and med
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Chapter 2 II. Primary fixative cons
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Chapter 2 IX. Once the conditions w
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Chapter 2 Figure 2.1: Image of CBR
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Chapter 2 2.6. Results 2.6.1. Asses
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Chapter 2 2.6.3. SEM Analysis of su
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Chapter 2 Figure 2.6: Complete remo
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Chapter 2 2.6.5. Mean log 10 densit
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Chapter 2 2.6.6. Mean log 10 densit
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Chapter 2 Table 2.5: Mean log 10 de
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Chapter 2 The results displayed in
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Chapter 2 Table 2.7: Difference bet
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Chapter 2 Table 2.8: The mean log 1
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Chapter 2 Figure 2.7: Graph of the
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Chapter 2 also used “high” soni
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Chapter 2 2.8. Summary All 13 strai
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Chapter 3 3. Abstract It has been e
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Chapter 3 classified as persistent
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Chapter 3 was plated onto TSA for e
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Chapter 3 Figure 3.1: The mean log
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Chapter 3 Figure 3.3: SEM image of
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Chapter 3 Table 3.2: Difference bet
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Chapter 3 3.4.3. Intra-serovar vari
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Chapter 3 3.4.4. Strain variation i
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Chapter 3 3.4.5. The density of bio
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Chapter 3 3.5. Discussion As illust
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Chapter 3 As discussed in section 3
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Chapter 3 increased biofilm appeare
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Chapter 4 Examining the efficacy of
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Chapter 4 through laboratory based
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Chapter 4 acid and quaternary ammon
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Chapter 4 the surface the temperatu
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Chapter 4 availability of multiple
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Chapter 4 peracetic acid (100, 200,
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Chapter 4 As discussed previously,
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Chapter 4 Dey/Engley (Difco) neutra
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Chapter 4 sterilisation was achieve
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Chapter 4 IX. Aliquots of 100µl of
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Chapter 4 XV. XVI. XVII. XVIII. XIX
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Chapter 4 4.3. Results 4.3.1. Suspe
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Chapter 4 Table 4.3: Mean log 10 de
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Chapter 4 Benzalkonium chloride was
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Chapter 4 4.4. Discussion Suspensio
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Chapter 4 effective at eliminating
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Chapter 4 Surprisingly, Nguyen et a
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Chapter 4 though a contact time of
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Chapter 4 provide a more standardis
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Chapter 4 hours instead of the stan
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Chapter 5 5. Abstract Examining bio
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Chapter 5 dry and rough (bdar) morp
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Chapter 5 absence of curli and cell
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Chapter 5 studies such as the micro
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Chapter 5 discussed in chapter 4. T
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Chapter 5 5.2. Methods 5.2.1. Colon
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Chapter 5 XIII. XIV. XV. XVI. XVII.
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Chapter 5 XVI. XVII. XVIII. XIX. XX
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Chapter 5 5.3.2. Repeatability of m
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Chapter 5 Figure 5.2: Stained biofi
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Chapter 5 was formed at room temper
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Chapter 5 Table 5.3: The density of
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Chapter 5 5.3.4. The density of bio
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Chapter 5 Table 5.6: The difference
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Chapter 5 Table 5.7: The difference
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Chapter 5 Table 5.8: Summary of ass
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Chapter 5 interpretation therefore
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Chapter 5 measures of S. enterica b
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Chapter 5 cells peaks [165, 191]. D
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Chapter 5 5.5. Limitations of the s
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Chapter 6 Discussion of S. enterica
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Chapter 6 However, a number of auth
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Chapter 6 It is of interest to exam
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Chapter 6 were similar at 48 hours.
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Chapter 6 attributable to a small n
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Chapter 6 chosen as an appropriate
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Chapter 6 undetermined. However, th
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Chapter 6 reason for this may be du
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Chapter 6 Moreover, based on the re
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Chapter 6 responsible for increased
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Chapter 6 not fully capture the ran
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Chapter 6 However, the extent of bi
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Chapter 6 6.10. Conclusions and rec
Page 240 and 241:
Chapter 6 studies may solve some of
Page 242 and 243:
Bibliography Bibliography Page 221
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Bibliography 12. T. Takata, J.L., H
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Bibliography 29. Barker, J., M. Nae
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Bibliography 47. Threlfall, E.J., H
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Bibliography 65. CDC. Investigation
Page 252 and 253:
Bibliography 83. Ledeboer, N., Frye
Page 254 and 255:
Bibliography 100. Chia, T., Goulter
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Bibliography 117. Buckingham-Meyer,
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Bibliography 133. European Committe
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Bibliography Supernatant of a Hafni
Page 262 and 263:
Bibliography 165. Díez-García, M.
Page 264 and 265:
Bibliography cultivation of Staphyl
Page 266 and 267:
Bibliography Compounds. 2012. Appli
Page 268 and 269:
Bibliography 215. Buck, et al., A q
Page 270 and 271:
Bibliography Canadian Journal of Ps
Page 272 and 273:
Appendix 1 Appendix 1— List of Re
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Appendix 1 Appendix 1 - List of Equ
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Appendix 2 Colour index High outlie
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Page 280 and 281:
Page 282 and 283:
Page 284 and 285:
Page 286 and 287:
Appendix 3 Appendix 3-Figure 2: PFG
Page 288 and 289:
Appendix 4 Poster Presentation Envi
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