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Chapter 5 Table 5.8: Summary of assessment of growth in microtitre plate after disinfectant treatment Strain No Sodium Hydroxide 1 (M) Mole per Litre S09-0717 S. Enteritidis Growth Growth Growth Growth Growth Growth Growth Growth Growth S09-0004 S. Enteritidis Growth Growth Growth Growth Growth Growth Growth Growth Growth After contact with disinfectant and neutralizing agents, sterile broth was refilled into each well followed by incubation of the plates at 22°C and 37°C for an additional 24 hours. The broth was then placed into new microtitre plate to assess a change turbidity of the broth. An increase in turbidity indicated that cells remained viable after contact with the disinfectant agents. As displayed in Table 5.8 cells remained viable after treatment with all disinfectants. This was true for treatment of the 48 hour and 168 hour biofilm formed at both 22° and 37°C. Page 183 Sodium Hypochlorite 500 (mg/L) Milligrams per Litre Benzalkonium Chloride 0.02% (w/v %) Percentage weight per volume 10 min 45 min 90 min 10 min 45 min 90 min 10 min 45 min 90 min 27853 P. aeruginosa Growth Growth Growth Growth Growth Growth Growth Growth Growth S08-0601 S. Agona Outbreak Growth Growth Growth Growth Growth Growth Growth Growth Growth S09-0494 S. Agona Outbreak Growth Growth Growth Growth Growth Growth Growth Growth Growth S09-0046 S. Agona variant Growth Growth Growth Growth Growth Growth Growth Growth Growth S09-0371 S. Agona Growth Growth Growth Growth Growth Growth Growth Growth Growth S09-0479 S. Agona Growth Growth Growth Growth Growth Growth Growth Growth Growth SL483 S. Agona Growth Growth Growth Growth Growth Growth Growth Growth Growth S09-0419 S. Typhimurium Growth Growth Growth Growth Growth Growth Growth Growth Growth S08-0408 S. Typhimurium Growth Growth Growth Growth Growth Growth Growth Growth Growth SL1344 S. Typhimurium Growth Growth Growth Growth Growth Growth Growth Growth Growth LT2 S. Typhimurium Growth Growth Growth Growth Growth Growth Growth Growth Growth
Chapter 5 5.4. Discussion The results from assessment of biofilm related properties with the use congo red agar demonstrated that all 12 S. enterica strains displayed a red, dry and rough colony morphology. The P. aeruginosa strain 27853 displayed a metallic shine on the surface of the colonies on the CR agar plate which was different than the S. enterica strains. This morphology was similar to the rdar morphology displayed by Udea et al. who also characterised the colony morphology of P. aeruginosa strains [232]. Which suggests the slight difference in colony morphology is most likely species/genus related. The presence of the rdar morphology suggests that the strains synthesized both curli and cellulose [167]. It has been suggested that these components may support dense biofilm formation in comparison to strains lacking curli or cellulose [28, 77, 87, 167]. However, as all the isolates displaying the rdar morphology, it was not possible to demonstrate an association between the rdar morphology and increased biofilm density. The indication that all strains studied form curli and cellulose correlates with the finding that all strains were able to form a biofilm using the microtitre plate method and the CBR (chapters 2-4). Previous authors have suggested that dense biofilm formers can be successfully identified through examining colony morphology on CR agar [28, 77, 82, 87, 167, 226]. However, other authors have questioned the discriminatory power of this method suggesting that S. enterica biofilm formation may be more related to biofilm attachment substrata [67] or the nutrient content provided to the biofilm [32, 96]. There are also significant limitations to the use of congo red agar to identify biofilm components. Colony morphology is subject to reader Page 184
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Salmonella enterica - biofilm forma
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Table of Contents Page Number 1.16.
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Table of Contents Page Number 4.1.2
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Table of Contents Page Number 6.8.4
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List of Abbreviations Table Page Nu
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List of Abbreviations List of Abbre
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Summary of Content Summary of Conte
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“To show your true ability is alw
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Acknowledgements ever met, Fiona th
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Acknowledgements This Ph.D. thesis
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Chapter 1 1.1. Salmonella Salmonell
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Chapter 1 may impose enormous costs
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Chapter 1 cracks or penetration of
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Chapter 1 detected by agglutination
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Chapter 1 become colonized with >10
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Chapter 1 antigens [z27],[z45] [1].
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Chapter 1 S. Agona has also been im
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Chapter 1 isolated from undercooked
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Chapter 1 The S. Typhimurium strain
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Chapter 1 ecosystem with the use of
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Chapter 1 [82]. Previous research h
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Chapter 1 to genes involved in flag
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Chapter 1 observation has also been
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Chapter 1 [119] and flow cell react
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Chapter 1 based disinfectant) the s
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Chapter 1 formation of two strains
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Chapter 1 shield the S. Agona cells
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Chapter 1 Key Objectives of this st
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Chapter 2 2. Abstract Food-borne pa
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Chapter 2 indicated that there may
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Chapter 2 taken from industrial set
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Chapter 2 2.1.4. CDC Biofilm Reacto
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Chapter 2 can be performed without
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Chapter 2 To summarise, previous au
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Chapter 2 2.3. Methods for examinin
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Chapter 2 and the biofilm formed th
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Chapter 2 2.4. Statistical Analysis
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Chapter 2 Table 2.1: Strain charact
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Chapter 2 XII. The gas port and med
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Chapter 2 II. Primary fixative cons
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Chapter 2 IX. Once the conditions w
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Chapter 2 Figure 2.1: Image of CBR
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Chapter 2 2.6. Results 2.6.1. Asses
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Chapter 2 2.6.3. SEM Analysis of su
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Chapter 2 Figure 2.6: Complete remo
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Chapter 2 2.6.5. Mean log 10 densit
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Chapter 2 2.6.6. Mean log 10 densit
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Chapter 2 Table 2.5: Mean log 10 de
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Chapter 2 The results displayed in
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Chapter 2 Table 2.7: Difference bet
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Chapter 2 Table 2.8: The mean log 1
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Chapter 2 Figure 2.7: Graph of the
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Chapter 2 also used “high” soni
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Chapter 2 2.8. Summary All 13 strai
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Chapter 3 3. Abstract It has been e
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Chapter 3 classified as persistent
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Chapter 3 was plated onto TSA for e
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Chapter 3 Figure 3.1: The mean log
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Chapter 3 Figure 3.3: SEM image of
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Chapter 3 Table 3.2: Difference bet
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Chapter 3 3.4.3. Intra-serovar vari
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Chapter 3 3.4.4. Strain variation i
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Chapter 3 3.4.5. The density of bio
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Chapter 3 3.5. Discussion As illust
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Chapter 3 As discussed in section 3
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Chapter 3 increased biofilm appeare
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Chapter 4 Examining the efficacy of
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Chapter 4 through laboratory based
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Chapter 4 acid and quaternary ammon
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Chapter 4 the surface the temperatu
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Chapter 4 availability of multiple
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Chapter 4 peracetic acid (100, 200,
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Chapter 4 As discussed previously,
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Chapter 4 Dey/Engley (Difco) neutra
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Chapter 4 sterilisation was achieve
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Chapter 4 IX. Aliquots of 100µl of
Page 154 and 155: Chapter 4 XV. XVI. XVII. XVIII. XIX
Page 156 and 157: Chapter 4 4.3. Results 4.3.1. Suspe
Page 158 and 159: Chapter 4 Table 4.3: Mean log 10 de
Page 160 and 161: Chapter 4 Benzalkonium chloride was
Page 162 and 163: Chapter 4 4.4. Discussion Suspensio
Page 164 and 165: Chapter 4 effective at eliminating
Page 166 and 167: Chapter 4 Surprisingly, Nguyen et a
Page 168 and 169: Chapter 4 though a contact time of
Page 170 and 171: Chapter 4 provide a more standardis
Page 172 and 173: Chapter 4 hours instead of the stan
Page 174 and 175: Chapter 5 5. Abstract Examining bio
Page 176 and 177: Chapter 5 dry and rough (bdar) morp
Page 178 and 179: Chapter 5 absence of curli and cell
Page 180 and 181: Chapter 5 studies such as the micro
Page 182 and 183: Chapter 5 discussed in chapter 4. T
Page 184 and 185: Chapter 5 5.2. Methods 5.2.1. Colon
Page 186 and 187: Chapter 5 XIII. XIV. XV. XVI. XVII.
Page 188 and 189: Chapter 5 XVI. XVII. XVIII. XIX. XX
Page 190 and 191: Chapter 5 5.3.2. Repeatability of m
Page 192 and 193: Chapter 5 Figure 5.2: Stained biofi
Page 194 and 195: Chapter 5 was formed at room temper
Page 196 and 197: Chapter 5 Table 5.3: The density of
Page 198 and 199: Chapter 5 5.3.4. The density of bio
Page 200 and 201: Chapter 5 Table 5.6: The difference
Page 202 and 203: Chapter 5 Table 5.7: The difference
Page 206 and 207: Chapter 5 interpretation therefore
Page 208 and 209: Chapter 5 measures of S. enterica b
Page 210 and 211: Chapter 5 cells peaks [165, 191]. D
Page 212 and 213: Chapter 5 5.5. Limitations of the s
Page 214 and 215: Chapter 6 Discussion of S. enterica
Page 216 and 217: Chapter 6 However, a number of auth
Page 218 and 219: Chapter 6 It is of interest to exam
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Page 222 and 223: Chapter 6 attributable to a small n
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Page 230 and 231: Chapter 6 Moreover, based on the re
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Page 234 and 235: Chapter 6 not fully capture the ran
Page 236 and 237: Chapter 6 However, the extent of bi
Page 238 and 239: Chapter 6 6.10. Conclusions and rec
Page 240 and 241: Chapter 6 studies may solve some of
Page 242 and 243: Bibliography Bibliography Page 221
Page 244 and 245: Bibliography 12. T. Takata, J.L., H
Page 246 and 247: Bibliography 29. Barker, J., M. Nae
Page 248 and 249: Bibliography 47. Threlfall, E.J., H
Page 250 and 251: Bibliography 65. CDC. Investigation
Page 252 and 253: Bibliography 83. Ledeboer, N., Frye
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Bibliography 100. Chia, T., Goulter
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Bibliography 117. Buckingham-Meyer,
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Bibliography 133. European Committe
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Bibliography Supernatant of a Hafni
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Bibliography 165. Díez-García, M.
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Bibliography cultivation of Staphyl
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Bibliography Compounds. 2012. Appli
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Bibliography 215. Buck, et al., A q
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Bibliography Canadian Journal of Ps
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Appendix 1 Appendix 1— List of Re
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Appendix 1 Appendix 1 - List of Equ
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Appendix 2 Colour index High outlie
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Appendix 3 Appendix 3-Figure 2: PFG
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Appendix 4 Poster Presentation Envi
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