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Chapter 3 Table 3.2: Difference between the 48 hour and the 168 hour biofilm (measured in Mean Log 10 CFU/coupon) Strain Glass Steel Polycarbonate Concrete Tile N 168H 48H Diff P 168H 48H Diff P 168H 48H Diff P 168H 48H Diff P 168 48H Diff P † † † † H † S09-0494 6/9 7.26 5.41 1.85 0.001 6.92 5.80 1.11 0.001 6.67 6.33 0.33 0.011 7.59 7.08 0.51 0.001 7.87 7.56 0.31 0.018 SL483 6/9 5.91 5.81 0.10 0.553 5.29 6.12 -0.84 0.007 5.46 5.59 -0.13 0.003 7.08 6.75 0.34 0.033 7.52 6.94 0.58 0.001 S09-0419 6/9 6.30 5.41 0.89 0.001 6.00 6.28 -0.28 0.087 6.25 6.53 -0.28 0.260 6.93 7.00 -0.06 0.906 7.73 7.23 0.49 0.001 SL1344 6/9 5.97 5.15 0.83 0.015 6.59 5.71 0.87 0.001 6.30 6.10 0.20 0.050 7.47 6.78 0.69 0.001 7.62 7.17 0.44 0.001 S09-0717 6/9 6.73 4.85 1.88 0.001 6.87 4.73 2.14 0.001 6.80 5.20 1.61 0.001 7.65 6.43 1.21 0.001 8.04 7.02 1.02 0.001 Table 3.2 displays the mean log 10 density of cells recovered from the surfaces after 48 and 168 hour biofilm formation. The strains examined included 2 Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serovar Agona strains (S09-0494 and SL483), 2 S. Typhimurium strains (S09-0419 and SL1344) and 1 S. Enteritidis strain (S09-0717). The difference between the density of cells recovered after the 48 and 168 hours is also displayed through the use of mean difference (Diff= mean density at 168hours –mean density at 48 hours) and p values. † Any comparison of the two methods (48 hour and 168 hour biofilm development) needs to be made with a great degree of caution as the 148 hour biofilm was not fully removed from the surface (See SEM images Figure 3.2 and 3.3 for illustration of biofilm remaining on surface). However in most instances the mean log density of cells recovered from the surfaces after 168 hours growth was still higher than the mean log 10 density of cells recovered from the surface when grown for 48 hours. Page 99
Chapter 3 Figure 3.4: SEM images S. Agona biofilm established at 48 and 168 hours. Figure 3.4 displays SEM images Salmonella Agona (S09-0494) biofilm established over 48 and 168 hours on glass, steel, polycarbonate, concrete and tile surfaces. Images displayed were taken at high magnification of x2.5-3.0k (k represents x1000 magnification). Page 100
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Salmonella enterica - biofilm forma
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Table of Contents Page Number 1.16.
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Table of Contents Page Number 4.1.2
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Table of Contents Page Number 6.8.4
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List of Abbreviations Table Page Nu
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List of Abbreviations List of Abbre
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Summary of Content Summary of Conte
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“To show your true ability is alw
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Acknowledgements ever met, Fiona th
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Acknowledgements This Ph.D. thesis
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Chapter 1 1.1. Salmonella Salmonell
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Chapter 1 may impose enormous costs
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Chapter 1 cracks or penetration of
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Chapter 1 detected by agglutination
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Chapter 1 become colonized with >10
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Chapter 1 antigens [z27],[z45] [1].
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Chapter 1 S. Agona has also been im
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Chapter 1 isolated from undercooked
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Chapter 1 The S. Typhimurium strain
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Chapter 1 ecosystem with the use of
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Chapter 1 [82]. Previous research h
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Chapter 1 to genes involved in flag
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Chapter 1 observation has also been
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Chapter 1 [119] and flow cell react
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Chapter 1 based disinfectant) the s
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Chapter 1 formation of two strains
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Chapter 1 shield the S. Agona cells
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Chapter 1 Key Objectives of this st
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Chapter 2 2. Abstract Food-borne pa
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Chapter 2 indicated that there may
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Chapter 2 taken from industrial set
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Chapter 2 2.1.4. CDC Biofilm Reacto
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Chapter 2 can be performed without
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Chapter 2 To summarise, previous au
Page 70 and 71: Chapter 2 2.3. Methods for examinin
Page 72 and 73: Chapter 2 and the biofilm formed th
Page 74 and 75: Chapter 2 2.4. Statistical Analysis
Page 76 and 77: Chapter 2 Table 2.1: Strain charact
Page 78 and 79: Chapter 2 XII. The gas port and med
Page 80 and 81: Chapter 2 II. Primary fixative cons
Page 82 and 83: Chapter 2 IX. Once the conditions w
Page 84 and 85: Chapter 2 Figure 2.1: Image of CBR
Page 86 and 87: Chapter 2 2.6. Results 2.6.1. Asses
Page 88 and 89: Chapter 2 2.6.3. SEM Analysis of su
Page 90 and 91: Chapter 2 Figure 2.6: Complete remo
Page 92 and 93: Chapter 2 2.6.5. Mean log 10 densit
Page 94 and 95: Chapter 2 2.6.6. Mean log 10 densit
Page 96 and 97: Chapter 2 Table 2.5: Mean log 10 de
Page 98 and 99: Chapter 2 The results displayed in
Page 100 and 101: Chapter 2 Table 2.7: Difference bet
Page 102 and 103: Chapter 2 Table 2.8: The mean log 1
Page 104 and 105: Chapter 2 Figure 2.7: Graph of the
Page 106 and 107: Chapter 2 also used “high” soni
Page 108 and 109: Chapter 2 2.8. Summary All 13 strai
Page 110 and 111: Chapter 3 3. Abstract It has been e
Page 112 and 113: Chapter 3 classified as persistent
Page 114 and 115: Chapter 3 was plated onto TSA for e
Page 116 and 117: Chapter 3 Figure 3.1: The mean log
Page 118 and 119: Chapter 3 Figure 3.3: SEM image of
Page 122 and 123: Chapter 3 3.4.3. Intra-serovar vari
Page 124 and 125: Chapter 3 3.4.4. Strain variation i
Page 126 and 127: Chapter 3 3.4.5. The density of bio
Page 128 and 129: Chapter 3 3.5. Discussion As illust
Page 130 and 131: Chapter 3 As discussed in section 3
Page 132 and 133: Chapter 3 increased biofilm appeare
Page 134 and 135: Chapter 4 Examining the efficacy of
Page 136 and 137: Chapter 4 through laboratory based
Page 138 and 139: Chapter 4 acid and quaternary ammon
Page 140 and 141: Chapter 4 the surface the temperatu
Page 142 and 143: Chapter 4 availability of multiple
Page 144 and 145: Chapter 4 peracetic acid (100, 200,
Page 146 and 147: Chapter 4 As discussed previously,
Page 148 and 149: Chapter 4 Dey/Engley (Difco) neutra
Page 150 and 151: Chapter 4 sterilisation was achieve
Page 152 and 153: Chapter 4 IX. Aliquots of 100µl of
Page 154 and 155: Chapter 4 XV. XVI. XVII. XVIII. XIX
Page 156 and 157: Chapter 4 4.3. Results 4.3.1. Suspe
Page 158 and 159: Chapter 4 Table 4.3: Mean log 10 de
Page 160 and 161: Chapter 4 Benzalkonium chloride was
Page 162 and 163: Chapter 4 4.4. Discussion Suspensio
Page 164 and 165: Chapter 4 effective at eliminating
Page 166 and 167: Chapter 4 Surprisingly, Nguyen et a
Page 168 and 169: Chapter 4 though a contact time of
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Chapter 4 provide a more standardis
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Chapter 4 hours instead of the stan
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Chapter 5 5. Abstract Examining bio
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Chapter 5 dry and rough (bdar) morp
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Chapter 5 absence of curli and cell
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Chapter 5 studies such as the micro
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Chapter 5 discussed in chapter 4. T
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Chapter 5 5.2. Methods 5.2.1. Colon
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Chapter 5 XIII. XIV. XV. XVI. XVII.
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Chapter 5 XVI. XVII. XVIII. XIX. XX
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Chapter 5 5.3.2. Repeatability of m
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Chapter 5 Figure 5.2: Stained biofi
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Chapter 5 was formed at room temper
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Chapter 5 Table 5.3: The density of
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Chapter 5 5.3.4. The density of bio
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Chapter 5 Table 5.6: The difference
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Chapter 5 Table 5.7: The difference
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Chapter 5 Table 5.8: Summary of ass
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Chapter 5 interpretation therefore
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Chapter 5 measures of S. enterica b
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Chapter 5 cells peaks [165, 191]. D
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Chapter 5 5.5. Limitations of the s
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Chapter 6 Discussion of S. enterica
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Chapter 6 However, a number of auth
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Chapter 6 It is of interest to exam
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Chapter 6 were similar at 48 hours.
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Chapter 6 attributable to a small n
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Chapter 6 chosen as an appropriate
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Chapter 6 undetermined. However, th
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Chapter 6 reason for this may be du
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Chapter 6 Moreover, based on the re
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Chapter 6 responsible for increased
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Chapter 6 not fully capture the ran
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Chapter 6 However, the extent of bi
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Chapter 6 6.10. Conclusions and rec
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Chapter 6 studies may solve some of
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Bibliography Bibliography Page 221
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Bibliography 12. T. Takata, J.L., H
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Bibliography 29. Barker, J., M. Nae
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Bibliography 47. Threlfall, E.J., H
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Bibliography 65. CDC. Investigation
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Bibliography 83. Ledeboer, N., Frye
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Bibliography 100. Chia, T., Goulter
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Bibliography 117. Buckingham-Meyer,
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Bibliography 133. European Committe
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Bibliography Supernatant of a Hafni
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Bibliography 165. Díez-García, M.
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Bibliography cultivation of Staphyl
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Bibliography Compounds. 2012. Appli
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Bibliography 215. Buck, et al., A q
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Bibliography Canadian Journal of Ps
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Appendix 1 Appendix 1— List of Re
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Appendix 1 Appendix 1 - List of Equ
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Appendix 2 Colour index High outlie
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Appendix 3 Appendix 3-Figure 2: PFG
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Appendix 4 Poster Presentation Envi
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