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Chapter 1 1.1. Salmonella Salmonella is a gram negative bacillus, motile through the presence of surface structures called flagella. The complex structure of the Salmonella bacterium and its characteristics provide the basis for the accepted naming scheme. This is achieved through serotyping based on the antigenic structure of the Salmonella cell surface. The genus Salmonella consists of two species, Salmonella enterica and Salmonella bongori. According to the current White-Kauffmann-Le Minor Scheme Salmonella enterica is further divided into six subspecies (S. enterica subspecies enterica (I), S. enterica subsp. salamae (II), S. enterica subsp. arizonae (IIIa), S. enterica subsp. diarizonae (IIIb), S. enterica subsp. houtenae (IV), S. enterica subsp. indica (VI) [1]. Fermentation of substances allows the differentiation into the particular subspecies. There are currently over 2,600 Salmonella serotypes [2], however 99% of these serovars are in S. enterica and almost 60% belong to S. enterica subsp. enterica (I)[2]. The main serovars discussed in this thesis are Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serovar Agona (S. Agona), S. Typhimurium and S. Enteritidis. Table 1.1: Organisation of Salmonella species and subspecies Species Subspecies Number in each serovar Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica 1547 Salmonella enterica subspecies salamae 513 Salmonella enterica subspecies arizonae 100 Salmonella enterica subspecies diarizonae 341 Salmonella enterica subspecies houtenae 73 Salmonella enterica subspecies indica 13 Salmonella bongori 23 Table 1.1 describes the organisation and the number of serovars in each Salmonella subspecies as described by Guibdenche et al. 2010 [2]. Page 1
Chapter 1 1.2. History of typhoidal Salmonella Salmonellosis has been a human health problem for centuries. In 1880, Carl Eberth first discovered the “typhoid bacilli” through pathological examination of a contaminated spleen. This was followed by the successful isolation and cultivation the “Bacillus typhosus”, now referred to as Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi, by Georg Gaffky in 1884. The decline in cases of typhoid fever in the developed world over the last century correlates with the increase in treatment of drinking water, pasteurization of dairy products and the introduction of measures to avoid contact with faecal waste in the food chain [3]. Typhoid fever is no longer endemic in developed countries, however infection with other serovars of Salmonella enterica often referred to collectively as non-typhoid Salmonella (NTS) remains a major public health challenge. 1.3. Non typhoidal Salmonella There are over 2,600 serovars of non typhoidal Salmonella. It is estimated that 90% of the Salmonella cases reported are accounted for by 30 serovars. In 2010, S. Typhimurium and S. Enteritidis accounted for 45% and 22% of the salmonellosis cases reported in Ireland [4]. It is estimated that between 90-95% of non typhoid salmonellosis arises from consumption of contaminated food-stuffs including poultry and other meat products [5]. Therefore vaccination of live animal carriers may result in a reduction of the pathogen in the meat post slaughter. The introduction of a vaccination programme for animals against commonly associated serovars such as S. Enteritidis in poultry has proven successful in the past [6]. However, there are drawbacks to the use of a vaccination programme. Firstly some animals may be healthy carriers or asymptomatic therefore vaccination needs to encompass all animals in a herd to be successful. This Page 2
Page 1: Salmonella enterica - biofilm forma
Page 4 and 5: Table of Contents Page Number 1.16.
Page 6 and 7: Table of Contents Page Number 4.1.2
Page 8 and 9: Table of Contents Page Number 6.8.4
Page 10 and 11: List of Abbreviations Table Page Nu
Page 12 and 13: List of Abbreviations List of Abbre
Page 14 and 15: Summary of Content Summary of Conte
Page 16 and 17: “To show your true ability is alw
Page 18 and 19: Acknowledgements ever met, Fiona th
Page 20 and 21: Acknowledgements This Ph.D. thesis
Page 24 and 25: Chapter 1 may impose enormous costs
Page 26 and 27: Chapter 1 cracks or penetration of
Page 28 and 29: Chapter 1 detected by agglutination
Page 30 and 31: Chapter 1 become colonized with >10
Page 32 and 33: Chapter 1 antigens [z27],[z45] [1].
Page 34 and 35: Chapter 1 S. Agona has also been im
Page 36 and 37: Chapter 1 isolated from undercooked
Page 38 and 39: Chapter 1 The S. Typhimurium strain
Page 40 and 41: Chapter 1 ecosystem with the use of
Page 42 and 43: Chapter 1 [82]. Previous research h
Page 44 and 45: Chapter 1 to genes involved in flag
Page 46 and 47: Chapter 1 observation has also been
Page 48 and 49: Chapter 1 [119] and flow cell react
Page 50 and 51: Chapter 1 based disinfectant) the s
Page 52 and 53: Chapter 1 formation of two strains
Page 54 and 55: Chapter 1 shield the S. Agona cells
Page 56 and 57: Chapter 1 Key Objectives of this st
Page 58 and 59: Chapter 2 2. Abstract Food-borne pa
Page 60 and 61: Chapter 2 indicated that there may
Page 62 and 63: Chapter 2 taken from industrial set
Page 64 and 65: Chapter 2 2.1.4. CDC Biofilm Reacto
Page 66 and 67: Chapter 2 can be performed without
Page 68 and 69: Chapter 2 To summarise, previous au
Page 70 and 71: Chapter 2 2.3. Methods for examinin
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Chapter 2 and the biofilm formed th
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Chapter 2 2.4. Statistical Analysis
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Chapter 2 Table 2.1: Strain charact
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Chapter 2 XII. The gas port and med
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Chapter 2 II. Primary fixative cons
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Chapter 2 IX. Once the conditions w
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Chapter 2 Figure 2.1: Image of CBR
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Chapter 2 2.6. Results 2.6.1. Asses
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Chapter 2 2.6.3. SEM Analysis of su
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Chapter 2 Figure 2.6: Complete remo
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Chapter 2 2.6.5. Mean log 10 densit
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Chapter 2 2.6.6. Mean log 10 densit
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Chapter 2 Table 2.5: Mean log 10 de
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Chapter 2 The results displayed in
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Chapter 2 Table 2.7: Difference bet
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Chapter 2 Table 2.8: The mean log 1
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Chapter 2 Figure 2.7: Graph of the
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Chapter 2 also used “high” soni
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Chapter 2 2.8. Summary All 13 strai
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Chapter 3 3. Abstract It has been e
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Chapter 3 classified as persistent
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Chapter 3 was plated onto TSA for e
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Chapter 3 Figure 3.1: The mean log
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Chapter 3 Figure 3.3: SEM image of
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Chapter 3 Table 3.2: Difference bet
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Chapter 3 3.4.3. Intra-serovar vari
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Chapter 3 3.4.4. Strain variation i
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Chapter 3 3.4.5. The density of bio
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Chapter 3 3.5. Discussion As illust
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Chapter 3 As discussed in section 3
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Chapter 3 increased biofilm appeare
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Chapter 4 Examining the efficacy of
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Chapter 4 through laboratory based
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Chapter 4 acid and quaternary ammon
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Chapter 4 the surface the temperatu
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Chapter 4 availability of multiple
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Chapter 4 peracetic acid (100, 200,
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Chapter 4 As discussed previously,
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Chapter 4 Dey/Engley (Difco) neutra
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Chapter 4 sterilisation was achieve
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Chapter 4 IX. Aliquots of 100µl of
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Chapter 4 XV. XVI. XVII. XVIII. XIX
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Chapter 4 4.3. Results 4.3.1. Suspe
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Chapter 4 Table 4.3: Mean log 10 de
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Chapter 4 Benzalkonium chloride was
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Chapter 4 4.4. Discussion Suspensio
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Chapter 4 effective at eliminating
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Chapter 4 Surprisingly, Nguyen et a
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Chapter 4 though a contact time of
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Chapter 4 provide a more standardis
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Chapter 4 hours instead of the stan
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Chapter 5 5. Abstract Examining bio
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Chapter 5 dry and rough (bdar) morp
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Chapter 5 absence of curli and cell
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Chapter 5 studies such as the micro
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Chapter 5 discussed in chapter 4. T
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Chapter 5 5.2. Methods 5.2.1. Colon
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Chapter 5 XIII. XIV. XV. XVI. XVII.
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Chapter 5 XVI. XVII. XVIII. XIX. XX
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Chapter 5 5.3.2. Repeatability of m
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Chapter 5 Figure 5.2: Stained biofi
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Chapter 5 was formed at room temper
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Chapter 5 Table 5.3: The density of
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Chapter 5 5.3.4. The density of bio
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Chapter 5 Table 5.6: The difference
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Chapter 5 Table 5.7: The difference
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Chapter 5 Table 5.8: Summary of ass
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Chapter 5 interpretation therefore
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Chapter 5 measures of S. enterica b
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Chapter 5 cells peaks [165, 191]. D
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Chapter 5 5.5. Limitations of the s
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Chapter 6 Discussion of S. enterica
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Chapter 6 However, a number of auth
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Chapter 6 It is of interest to exam
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Chapter 6 were similar at 48 hours.
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Chapter 6 attributable to a small n
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Chapter 6 chosen as an appropriate
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Chapter 6 undetermined. However, th
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Chapter 6 reason for this may be du
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Chapter 6 Moreover, based on the re
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Chapter 6 responsible for increased
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Chapter 6 not fully capture the ran
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Chapter 6 However, the extent of bi
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Chapter 6 6.10. Conclusions and rec
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Chapter 6 studies may solve some of
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Bibliography Bibliography Page 221
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Bibliography 12. T. Takata, J.L., H
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Bibliography 29. Barker, J., M. Nae
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Bibliography 47. Threlfall, E.J., H
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Bibliography 65. CDC. Investigation
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Bibliography 83. Ledeboer, N., Frye
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Bibliography 100. Chia, T., Goulter
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Bibliography 117. Buckingham-Meyer,
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Bibliography 133. European Committe
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Bibliography Supernatant of a Hafni
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Bibliography 165. Díez-García, M.
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Bibliography cultivation of Staphyl
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Bibliography Compounds. 2012. Appli
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Bibliography 215. Buck, et al., A q
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Bibliography Canadian Journal of Ps
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Appendix 1 Appendix 1— List of Re
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Appendix 1 Appendix 1 - List of Equ
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Appendix 2 Colour index High outlie
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Page 280 and 281:
Page 282 and 283:
Page 284 and 285:
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Appendix 3 Appendix 3-Figure 2: PFG
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Appendix 4 Poster Presentation Envi
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