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Chapter 5 Table 5.7: The difference in mean density of biofilm cells after incubation for 48 and 168 hours 22°C 37°C Strain Difference P Difference P Number Organism Hours (h) value value 27853 P. aeruginosa 168h-48h 0.145 .004 0.248 0.233 S08-0601 S. Agona Outbreak 168h-48h -0.622 .003 0.408 0.659 S09-0494 S. Agona Outbreak 168h-48h 0.098 .965 0.973 0.233 S09-0046 S. Agona variant 168h-48h -0.106 .757 0.230 0.200 S09-0371 S. Agona 168h-48h -0.090 .047 0.143 0.310 S09-0479 S. Agona 168h-48h -0.043 .566 -0.041 0.566 SL483 S. Agona 168h-48h -0.172 .038 1.013 0.038 S09-0419 S. Typhimurium 168h-48h 0.123 .034 0.003 0.269 S08-0408 S. Typhimurium 168h-48h 0.027 .965 -0.019 0.353 SL1344 S. Typhimurium 168h-48h -0.550 .003 -0.195 0.122 LT2 S. Typhimurium 168h-48h -0.038 .627 0.336 0.825 S09-0717 S. Enteritidis 168h-48h -0.086 .566 0.135 0.508 S09-0004 S. Enteritidis 168h-48h -0.087 .757 0.132 0.171 Table 5.7 displays the difference in mean density of biofilm formed by each strain when incubated for 48 or 168 hours at 22°C or 37°C. Strains include 1 Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 6 Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serovar Agona, 4 Salmonella Typhimurium and 2 Salmonella Enteritidis strains. The difference between conditions (time) was calculated by subtracting the mean density of each strain and calculating the significance of any difference between the OD 590 readings using the Mann-Whitney U test. However due to the variation in repeated measures of OD 590 for each strain (based mean based on 9 observations for each strain) caution should be exercised when making direct comparisons. The strains with large variation in repeated measures of OD 590 of biofilm are underlined. The full set of results (of repeated measures of OD 590 nm) is provided in Table 2 and Table 3 of Appendix 2. Page 181
Chapter 5 5.3.6. Examining the efficacy of disinfectant products against an established biofilm using the microtitre plate based system Sodium hypochlorite (500mg/L), sodium hydroxide (1M) and benzalkonium chloride (0.02%) were not effective in eliminating all viable cells from the surface of the microtiter plate after an established biofilm was formed for 48 hour or 168 hour biofilm at 22°C and 37°C. The results presented in Table 5.8 summarises all conditions (2 temperatures and 2 durations). Despite the use of contact times of 10-, 45- and 90-minutes with the disinfectants, the turbidity of the sterile broth increased when incubated for an additional 24 hours (both at 22°C and 37°C), indicating that the cells associated with the biofilm remained viable and were capable of withstanding disinfectant treatment. Page 182
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Salmonella enterica - biofilm forma
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Table of Contents Page Number 1.16.
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Table of Contents Page Number 4.1.2
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Table of Contents Page Number 6.8.4
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List of Abbreviations Table Page Nu
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List of Abbreviations List of Abbre
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Summary of Content Summary of Conte
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“To show your true ability is alw
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Acknowledgements ever met, Fiona th
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Acknowledgements This Ph.D. thesis
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Chapter 1 1.1. Salmonella Salmonell
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Chapter 1 may impose enormous costs
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Chapter 1 cracks or penetration of
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Chapter 1 detected by agglutination
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Chapter 1 become colonized with >10
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Chapter 1 antigens [z27],[z45] [1].
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Chapter 1 S. Agona has also been im
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Chapter 1 isolated from undercooked
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Chapter 1 The S. Typhimurium strain
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Chapter 1 ecosystem with the use of
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Chapter 1 [82]. Previous research h
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Chapter 1 to genes involved in flag
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Chapter 1 observation has also been
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Chapter 1 [119] and flow cell react
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Chapter 1 based disinfectant) the s
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Chapter 1 formation of two strains
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Chapter 1 shield the S. Agona cells
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Chapter 1 Key Objectives of this st
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Chapter 2 2. Abstract Food-borne pa
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Chapter 2 indicated that there may
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Chapter 2 taken from industrial set
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Chapter 2 2.1.4. CDC Biofilm Reacto
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Chapter 2 can be performed without
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Chapter 2 To summarise, previous au
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Chapter 2 2.3. Methods for examinin
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Chapter 2 and the biofilm formed th
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Chapter 2 2.4. Statistical Analysis
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Chapter 2 Table 2.1: Strain charact
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Chapter 2 XII. The gas port and med
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Chapter 2 II. Primary fixative cons
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Chapter 2 IX. Once the conditions w
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Chapter 2 Figure 2.1: Image of CBR
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Chapter 2 2.6. Results 2.6.1. Asses
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Chapter 2 2.6.3. SEM Analysis of su
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Chapter 2 Figure 2.6: Complete remo
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Chapter 2 2.6.5. Mean log 10 densit
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Chapter 2 2.6.6. Mean log 10 densit
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Chapter 2 Table 2.5: Mean log 10 de
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Chapter 2 The results displayed in
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Chapter 2 Table 2.7: Difference bet
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Chapter 2 Table 2.8: The mean log 1
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Chapter 2 Figure 2.7: Graph of the
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Chapter 2 also used “high” soni
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Chapter 2 2.8. Summary All 13 strai
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Chapter 3 3. Abstract It has been e
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Chapter 3 classified as persistent
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Chapter 3 was plated onto TSA for e
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Chapter 3 Figure 3.1: The mean log
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Chapter 3 Figure 3.3: SEM image of
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Chapter 3 Table 3.2: Difference bet
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Chapter 3 3.4.3. Intra-serovar vari
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Chapter 3 3.4.4. Strain variation i
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Chapter 3 3.4.5. The density of bio
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Chapter 3 3.5. Discussion As illust
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Chapter 3 As discussed in section 3
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Chapter 3 increased biofilm appeare
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Chapter 4 Examining the efficacy of
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Chapter 4 through laboratory based
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Chapter 4 acid and quaternary ammon
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Chapter 4 the surface the temperatu
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Chapter 4 availability of multiple
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Chapter 4 peracetic acid (100, 200,
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Chapter 4 As discussed previously,
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Chapter 4 Dey/Engley (Difco) neutra
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Chapter 4 sterilisation was achieve
Page 152 and 153: Chapter 4 IX. Aliquots of 100µl of
Page 154 and 155: Chapter 4 XV. XVI. XVII. XVIII. XIX
Page 156 and 157: Chapter 4 4.3. Results 4.3.1. Suspe
Page 158 and 159: Chapter 4 Table 4.3: Mean log 10 de
Page 160 and 161: Chapter 4 Benzalkonium chloride was
Page 162 and 163: Chapter 4 4.4. Discussion Suspensio
Page 164 and 165: Chapter 4 effective at eliminating
Page 166 and 167: Chapter 4 Surprisingly, Nguyen et a
Page 168 and 169: Chapter 4 though a contact time of
Page 170 and 171: Chapter 4 provide a more standardis
Page 172 and 173: Chapter 4 hours instead of the stan
Page 174 and 175: Chapter 5 5. Abstract Examining bio
Page 176 and 177: Chapter 5 dry and rough (bdar) morp
Page 178 and 179: Chapter 5 absence of curli and cell
Page 180 and 181: Chapter 5 studies such as the micro
Page 182 and 183: Chapter 5 discussed in chapter 4. T
Page 184 and 185: Chapter 5 5.2. Methods 5.2.1. Colon
Page 186 and 187: Chapter 5 XIII. XIV. XV. XVI. XVII.
Page 188 and 189: Chapter 5 XVI. XVII. XVIII. XIX. XX
Page 190 and 191: Chapter 5 5.3.2. Repeatability of m
Page 192 and 193: Chapter 5 Figure 5.2: Stained biofi
Page 194 and 195: Chapter 5 was formed at room temper
Page 196 and 197: Chapter 5 Table 5.3: The density of
Page 198 and 199: Chapter 5 5.3.4. The density of bio
Page 200 and 201: Chapter 5 Table 5.6: The difference
Page 204 and 205: Chapter 5 Table 5.8: Summary of ass
Page 206 and 207: Chapter 5 interpretation therefore
Page 208 and 209: Chapter 5 measures of S. enterica b
Page 210 and 211: Chapter 5 cells peaks [165, 191]. D
Page 212 and 213: Chapter 5 5.5. Limitations of the s
Page 214 and 215: Chapter 6 Discussion of S. enterica
Page 216 and 217: Chapter 6 However, a number of auth
Page 218 and 219: Chapter 6 It is of interest to exam
Page 220 and 221: Chapter 6 were similar at 48 hours.
Page 222 and 223: Chapter 6 attributable to a small n
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Page 230 and 231: Chapter 6 Moreover, based on the re
Page 232 and 233: Chapter 6 responsible for increased
Page 234 and 235: Chapter 6 not fully capture the ran
Page 236 and 237: Chapter 6 However, the extent of bi
Page 238 and 239: Chapter 6 6.10. Conclusions and rec
Page 240 and 241: Chapter 6 studies may solve some of
Page 242 and 243: Bibliography Bibliography Page 221
Page 244 and 245: Bibliography 12. T. Takata, J.L., H
Page 246 and 247: Bibliography 29. Barker, J., M. Nae
Page 248 and 249: Bibliography 47. Threlfall, E.J., H
Page 250 and 251: Bibliography 65. CDC. Investigation
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Bibliography 83. Ledeboer, N., Frye
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Bibliography 100. Chia, T., Goulter
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Bibliography 117. Buckingham-Meyer,
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Bibliography 133. European Committe
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Bibliography Supernatant of a Hafni
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Bibliography 165. Díez-García, M.
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Bibliography cultivation of Staphyl
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Bibliography Compounds. 2012. Appli
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Bibliography 215. Buck, et al., A q
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Bibliography Canadian Journal of Ps
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Appendix 1 Appendix 1— List of Re
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Appendix 1 Appendix 1 - List of Equ
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Appendix 2 Colour index High outlie
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Appendix 3 Appendix 3-Figure 2: PFG
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Appendix 4 Poster Presentation Envi
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