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Bibliography 165. Díez-García, M., Capita, R., and Alonso-Calleja, C., Influence of serotype on the growth kinetics and the ability to form biofilms of Salmonella isolates from poultry. 2012. Food Microbiology. 31(2): 173-180. 166. Bester, E., Kroukamp, Otini, Wolfaardt, Gideon M., Boonzaaier, L. and Nesse S. , Metabolic Differentiation in Biofilms as Indicated by Carbon Dioxide Production Rates. 2010. Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 76(4): 1189-1197. 167. Römling, U., Sierralta, WD., Eriksson, K., Normark, S., Multicellular and aggregative behaviour of Salmonella Typhimurium strains is controlled by mutations in the agfD promoter. 1998. Mol Microbiol. 28: 249 - 264. 168. Adams, et al.,, Impact of rpoS deletion on Escherichia coli biofilms. 1999. Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 65: 4285 - 4287. 169. Fang, F., Libby, S., Buchmeier, N., Loewen, P., Switala, J., Harwood, J and Guiney D., The alternative sigma factor katF (rpoS) regulates Salmonella virulence. 1992. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 89(24): 11978– 11982. . 170. Robbe-Saule, V., et al., Crl Activates Transcription Initiation of RpoS-Regulated Genes Involved in the Multicellular Behavior of Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium. 2006. Journal of Bacteriology. 188(11): 3983-3994. 171. Coenye, T., and Nelis, H., In vitro and in vivo model systems to study microbial biofilm formation. 2010. Journal of Microbiological Methods. 83(2): 89-105. 172. Hafner, J., Cheung, C., Woolley, A. T. and Lieber, C. M., Structural and functional imaging with carbon nanotube AFM probes. 2001. Progress in Biophysics and Molecular Biology. 77(1): 73-110. 173. Olson, M., Douglas, H.C., Morck, W., Buret, A., and Read, R. R., Biofilm bacteria: formation and comparative susceptibility to antibiotics. 2002. The Canadian Journal of Veterinary Research 2002;66:86–92. 66: 86-92. Page 241
Bibliography 174. Williams, D.L. and R.D. Bloebaum, Observing the Biofilm Matrix of Staphylococcus epidermidis ATCC 35984 Grown Using the CDC Biofilm Reactor. 2010. Microscopy and Microanalysis. 16(02): 143- 152. 175. Dykstra, M., Biological Elecron Microscopy - Theory, Techniques and Troubleshooting, ed. M. Dykstra. 1992, North Carolina: Plenum Press, 233 Spring Street, New York, NY 10013. 176. Hope, C.K., Clements, D., and Wilson, M., Determining the spatial distribution of viable and nonviable bacteria in hydrated microcosm dental plaques by viability profiling. 2002. Journal of Applied Microbiology. 93(3): 448-455. 177. Ito, A., Taniuchi, A., May, T., Kawata, K. and Okabe, S, Increased Antibiotic Resistance of Escherichia coli in Mature Biofilms. 2009. Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 75(12): 4093-4100. 178. Bridier, A., Dubois-Brissonnet, F., Boubetra, A., Thomas, V. and Briandet, R., The biofilm architecture of sixty opportunistic pathogens deciphered using a high throughput CLSM method. 2010. Journal of Microbiological Methods. 82(1): 64-70. 179. Merod, R., Warren, J., McCaslin, H. and Wuertz, S., Toward automated analysis of biofilm architecture: Bias caused by extraneous confocal laser scanning microscopy images. 2007. Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 73(15): 4922-4930. 180. Honraet, K., Goetghebeur, E. and Nelis, H., Comparison of three assays for the quantification of Candida biomass in suspension and CDC reactor grown biofilms. 2005. Journal of Microbiological Methods. 63(3): 287-295. 181. Monsen, T., Lovgren, E., Widerstrom, M., and Wallinder, L, In Vitro Effect of Ultrasound on Bacteria and Suggested Protocol for Sonication and Diagnosis of Prosthetic Infections. 2009. J. Clin. Microbiol. 47(8): 2496-2501. 182. Cotter, J., O’Gara, J., Stewart, P., Pitts, B., and Casey, E., Characterization of a modified rotating disk reactor for the Page 242
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Salmonella enterica - biofilm forma
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Table of Contents Page Number 1.16.
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Table of Contents Page Number 4.1.2
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Table of Contents Page Number 6.8.4
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List of Abbreviations Table Page Nu
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List of Abbreviations List of Abbre
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Summary of Content Summary of Conte
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“To show your true ability is alw
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Acknowledgements ever met, Fiona th
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Acknowledgements This Ph.D. thesis
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Chapter 1 1.1. Salmonella Salmonell
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Chapter 1 may impose enormous costs
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Chapter 1 cracks or penetration of
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Chapter 1 detected by agglutination
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Chapter 1 become colonized with >10
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Chapter 1 antigens [z27],[z45] [1].
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Chapter 1 S. Agona has also been im
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Chapter 1 isolated from undercooked
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Chapter 1 The S. Typhimurium strain
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Chapter 1 ecosystem with the use of
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Chapter 1 [82]. Previous research h
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Chapter 1 to genes involved in flag
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Chapter 1 observation has also been
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Chapter 1 [119] and flow cell react
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Chapter 1 based disinfectant) the s
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Chapter 1 formation of two strains
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Chapter 1 shield the S. Agona cells
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Chapter 1 Key Objectives of this st
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Chapter 2 2. Abstract Food-borne pa
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Chapter 2 indicated that there may
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Chapter 2 taken from industrial set
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Chapter 2 2.1.4. CDC Biofilm Reacto
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Chapter 2 can be performed without
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Chapter 2 To summarise, previous au
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Chapter 2 2.3. Methods for examinin
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Chapter 2 and the biofilm formed th
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Chapter 2 2.4. Statistical Analysis
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Chapter 2 Table 2.1: Strain charact
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Chapter 2 XII. The gas port and med
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Chapter 2 II. Primary fixative cons
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Chapter 2 IX. Once the conditions w
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Chapter 2 Figure 2.1: Image of CBR
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Chapter 2 2.6. Results 2.6.1. Asses
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Chapter 2 2.6.3. SEM Analysis of su
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Chapter 2 Figure 2.6: Complete remo
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Chapter 2 2.6.5. Mean log 10 densit
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Chapter 2 2.6.6. Mean log 10 densit
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Chapter 2 Table 2.5: Mean log 10 de
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Chapter 2 The results displayed in
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Chapter 2 Table 2.7: Difference bet
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Chapter 2 Table 2.8: The mean log 1
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Chapter 2 Figure 2.7: Graph of the
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Chapter 2 also used “high” soni
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Chapter 2 2.8. Summary All 13 strai
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Chapter 3 3. Abstract It has been e
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Chapter 3 classified as persistent
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Chapter 3 was plated onto TSA for e
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Chapter 3 Figure 3.1: The mean log
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Chapter 3 Figure 3.3: SEM image of
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Chapter 3 Table 3.2: Difference bet
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Chapter 3 3.4.3. Intra-serovar vari
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Chapter 3 3.4.4. Strain variation i
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Chapter 3 3.4.5. The density of bio
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Chapter 3 3.5. Discussion As illust
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Chapter 3 As discussed in section 3
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Chapter 3 increased biofilm appeare
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Chapter 4 Examining the efficacy of
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Chapter 4 through laboratory based
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Chapter 4 acid and quaternary ammon
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Chapter 4 the surface the temperatu
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Chapter 4 availability of multiple
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Chapter 4 peracetic acid (100, 200,
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Chapter 4 As discussed previously,
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Chapter 4 Dey/Engley (Difco) neutra
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Chapter 4 sterilisation was achieve
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Chapter 4 IX. Aliquots of 100µl of
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Chapter 4 XV. XVI. XVII. XVIII. XIX
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Chapter 4 4.3. Results 4.3.1. Suspe
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Chapter 4 Table 4.3: Mean log 10 de
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Chapter 4 Benzalkonium chloride was
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Chapter 4 4.4. Discussion Suspensio
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Chapter 4 effective at eliminating
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Chapter 4 Surprisingly, Nguyen et a
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Chapter 4 though a contact time of
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Chapter 4 provide a more standardis
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Chapter 4 hours instead of the stan
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Chapter 5 5. Abstract Examining bio
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Chapter 5 dry and rough (bdar) morp
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Chapter 5 absence of curli and cell
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Chapter 5 studies such as the micro
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Chapter 5 discussed in chapter 4. T
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Chapter 5 5.2. Methods 5.2.1. Colon
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Chapter 5 XIII. XIV. XV. XVI. XVII.
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Chapter 5 XVI. XVII. XVIII. XIX. XX
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Chapter 5 5.3.2. Repeatability of m
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Chapter 5 Figure 5.2: Stained biofi
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Chapter 5 was formed at room temper
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Chapter 5 Table 5.3: The density of
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Chapter 5 5.3.4. The density of bio
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Chapter 5 Table 5.6: The difference
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Chapter 5 Table 5.7: The difference
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Chapter 5 Table 5.8: Summary of ass
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Chapter 5 interpretation therefore
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Chapter 5 measures of S. enterica b
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Chapter 5 cells peaks [165, 191]. D
Page 212 and 213: Chapter 5 5.5. Limitations of the s
Page 214 and 215: Chapter 6 Discussion of S. enterica
Page 216 and 217: Chapter 6 However, a number of auth
Page 218 and 219: Chapter 6 It is of interest to exam
Page 220 and 221: Chapter 6 were similar at 48 hours.
Page 222 and 223: Chapter 6 attributable to a small n
Page 224 and 225: Chapter 6 chosen as an appropriate
Page 226 and 227: Chapter 6 undetermined. However, th
Page 228 and 229: Chapter 6 reason for this may be du
Page 230 and 231: Chapter 6 Moreover, based on the re
Page 232 and 233: Chapter 6 responsible for increased
Page 234 and 235: Chapter 6 not fully capture the ran
Page 236 and 237: Chapter 6 However, the extent of bi
Page 238 and 239: Chapter 6 6.10. Conclusions and rec
Page 240 and 241: Chapter 6 studies may solve some of
Page 242 and 243: Bibliography Bibliography Page 221
Page 244 and 245: Bibliography 12. T. Takata, J.L., H
Page 246 and 247: Bibliography 29. Barker, J., M. Nae
Page 248 and 249: Bibliography 47. Threlfall, E.J., H
Page 250 and 251: Bibliography 65. CDC. Investigation
Page 252 and 253: Bibliography 83. Ledeboer, N., Frye
Page 254 and 255: Bibliography 100. Chia, T., Goulter
Page 256 and 257: Bibliography 117. Buckingham-Meyer,
Page 258 and 259: Bibliography 133. European Committe
Page 260 and 261: Bibliography Supernatant of a Hafni
Page 264 and 265: Bibliography cultivation of Staphyl
Page 266 and 267: Bibliography Compounds. 2012. Appli
Page 268 and 269: Bibliography 215. Buck, et al., A q
Page 270 and 271: Bibliography Canadian Journal of Ps
Page 272 and 273: Appendix 1 Appendix 1— List of Re
Page 274 and 275: Appendix 1 Appendix 1 - List of Equ
Page 276 and 277: Appendix 2 Colour index High outlie
Page 286 and 287: Appendix 3 Appendix 3-Figure 2: PFG
Page 288 and 289: Appendix 4 Poster Presentation Envi
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