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Chapter 2 2.6.5. Mean log 10 density of S. Agona biofilm cells Table 2.3 presents the mean log 10 density (CFU/coupon) of S. Agona cells attached to glass, stainless steel, polycarbonate, concrete and glazed tile. Table 2.3 also provides an indication of the level of intra-laboratory reproducibility through the use of the standard deviation (SD). The results suggest that S. Agona S09-0371 formed a more dense biofilm than all other S. Agona strains. The sequenced S. Agona reference strain SL483 also formed a dense biofilm on glass, stainless steel and polycarbonate but formed a less dense biofilm than all other strains on concrete and tile. Based on the results presented in Table 2.3 the S. Agona strains associated with the outbreak (S08-0601 and S09-0494) do not appear to be more dense biofilm formers than any of the other S. Agona strains examined and if anything form a less dense biofilm compared with S09-0371. Possible differences between the biofilm density for the S. Agona strains was further evaluated. Table 2.3 displays the difference in mean log 10 density of biofilm produced by the S. Agona strains by subtracting the mean log 10 density values for the respective strains from each other. The results provided in Table 2.3 indicate that there were only minor differences at best between all strains with PFGE type SAGOXB.0066. As a result the S. Agona strain S08-0601 was used as representative of this PFGE type for further comparisons. Based on the results presented in Table 2.3 there appears to be little difference between the S. Agona PFGE type SAGOXB.0066 (S08-0601) and the S. Agona variant strain (S09-0046 – differs by 2 band based on PFGE analysis) with p>0.05 on all 5 surfaces. In relation to comparisons with strains entirely unrelated to the outbreak there was a tendency for the S. Agona SAGOXB.0066 related strains to form a less dense biofilm than the other strains tested. Page 71
Chapter 2 Table 2.3: Mean and standard deviation of all S. Agona strains (measured in Mean Log 10 CFU/coupon) N Glass Steel Polycarbonate Concrete Tile S. Agona Mean SD P Mean SD P Mean SD P Mean SD P Mean SD P *S. Agona (S08-0601) 9 5.43 0.51 5.38 0.35 6.03 0.54 6.96 0.68 7.33 0.28 *S. Agona (S09-0494) 9 5.41 0.19 0.578 5.80 0.33 0.016 6.33 0.26 0.092 7.08 0.15 0.289 7.56 0.18 0.102 S. Agona ( S09-0046) 9 5.25 0.66 0.474 5.53 0.54 0.338 6.07 0.39 0.624 6.99 0.17 0.216 7.26 0.18 0.453 S. Agona ( S09-0371) 9 6.16 0.55 0.010 5.59 0.94 0.348 6.81 0.17 0.005 7.47 0.19 0.005 7.59 0.08 0.042 S. Agona ( S09-0479) 9 5.63 0.44 0.425 5.56 0.18 0.163 6.43 0.20 0.051 6.88 0.15 0.200 7.10 0.16 0.070 S. Agona (SL483) 9 5.81 0.31 0.068 6.12 0.36 0.002 6.59 0.529 0.100 6.75 0.14 0.145 6.94 0.08 0.006 Table 2.3 displays the mean log 10 density of cells recovered from the 5 surfaces after 48 hour biofilm development using 6 Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serovar Agona strains. The standard deviation of repeated measures (SD) for the nine observations (N=9) is also provided. The SAGOXB.0066 outbreak strain S08-0601 which is denoted by bold font in the table, was used to compare the mean log 10 density of the outbreak strains to the other S. Agona strains related to the outbreak (S09-0494) and to the other S. Agona strains examined. The difference between the strains is denoted the P values in the table. The strains belonging to the SAGOXB.0066 outbreak are indicated by the use of an asterisk *. Page 72
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Salmonella enterica - biofilm forma
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Table of Contents Page Number 1.16.
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Table of Contents Page Number 4.1.2
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Table of Contents Page Number 6.8.4
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List of Abbreviations Table Page Nu
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List of Abbreviations List of Abbre
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Summary of Content Summary of Conte
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“To show your true ability is alw
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Acknowledgements ever met, Fiona th
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Acknowledgements This Ph.D. thesis
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Chapter 1 1.1. Salmonella Salmonell
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Chapter 1 may impose enormous costs
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Chapter 1 cracks or penetration of
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Chapter 1 detected by agglutination
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Chapter 1 become colonized with >10
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Chapter 1 antigens [z27],[z45] [1].
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Chapter 1 S. Agona has also been im
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Chapter 1 isolated from undercooked
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Chapter 1 The S. Typhimurium strain
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Chapter 1 ecosystem with the use of
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Page 46 and 47: Chapter 1 observation has also been
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Page 52 and 53: Chapter 1 formation of two strains
Page 54 and 55: Chapter 1 shield the S. Agona cells
Page 56 and 57: Chapter 1 Key Objectives of this st
Page 58 and 59: Chapter 2 2. Abstract Food-borne pa
Page 60 and 61: Chapter 2 indicated that there may
Page 62 and 63: Chapter 2 taken from industrial set
Page 64 and 65: Chapter 2 2.1.4. CDC Biofilm Reacto
Page 66 and 67: Chapter 2 can be performed without
Page 68 and 69: Chapter 2 To summarise, previous au
Page 70 and 71: Chapter 2 2.3. Methods for examinin
Page 72 and 73: Chapter 2 and the biofilm formed th
Page 74 and 75: Chapter 2 2.4. Statistical Analysis
Page 76 and 77: Chapter 2 Table 2.1: Strain charact
Page 78 and 79: Chapter 2 XII. The gas port and med
Page 80 and 81: Chapter 2 II. Primary fixative cons
Page 82 and 83: Chapter 2 IX. Once the conditions w
Page 84 and 85: Chapter 2 Figure 2.1: Image of CBR
Page 86 and 87: Chapter 2 2.6. Results 2.6.1. Asses
Page 88 and 89: Chapter 2 2.6.3. SEM Analysis of su
Page 90 and 91: Chapter 2 Figure 2.6: Complete remo
Page 94 and 95: Chapter 2 2.6.6. Mean log 10 densit
Page 96 and 97: Chapter 2 Table 2.5: Mean log 10 de
Page 98 and 99: Chapter 2 The results displayed in
Page 100 and 101: Chapter 2 Table 2.7: Difference bet
Page 102 and 103: Chapter 2 Table 2.8: The mean log 1
Page 104 and 105: Chapter 2 Figure 2.7: Graph of the
Page 106 and 107: Chapter 2 also used “high” soni
Page 108 and 109: Chapter 2 2.8. Summary All 13 strai
Page 110 and 111: Chapter 3 3. Abstract It has been e
Page 112 and 113: Chapter 3 classified as persistent
Page 114 and 115: Chapter 3 was plated onto TSA for e
Page 116 and 117: Chapter 3 Figure 3.1: The mean log
Page 118 and 119: Chapter 3 Figure 3.3: SEM image of
Page 120 and 121: Chapter 3 Table 3.2: Difference bet
Page 122 and 123: Chapter 3 3.4.3. Intra-serovar vari
Page 124 and 125: Chapter 3 3.4.4. Strain variation i
Page 126 and 127: Chapter 3 3.4.5. The density of bio
Page 128 and 129: Chapter 3 3.5. Discussion As illust
Page 130 and 131: Chapter 3 As discussed in section 3
Page 132 and 133: Chapter 3 increased biofilm appeare
Page 134 and 135: Chapter 4 Examining the efficacy of
Page 136 and 137: Chapter 4 through laboratory based
Page 138 and 139: Chapter 4 acid and quaternary ammon
Page 140 and 141: Chapter 4 the surface the temperatu
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Chapter 4 availability of multiple
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Chapter 4 peracetic acid (100, 200,
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Chapter 4 As discussed previously,
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Chapter 4 Dey/Engley (Difco) neutra
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Chapter 4 sterilisation was achieve
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Chapter 4 IX. Aliquots of 100µl of
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Chapter 4 XV. XVI. XVII. XVIII. XIX
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Chapter 4 4.3. Results 4.3.1. Suspe
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Chapter 4 Table 4.3: Mean log 10 de
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Chapter 4 Benzalkonium chloride was
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Chapter 4 4.4. Discussion Suspensio
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Chapter 4 effective at eliminating
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Chapter 4 Surprisingly, Nguyen et a
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Chapter 4 though a contact time of
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Chapter 4 provide a more standardis
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Chapter 4 hours instead of the stan
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Chapter 5 5. Abstract Examining bio
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Chapter 5 dry and rough (bdar) morp
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Chapter 5 absence of curli and cell
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Chapter 5 studies such as the micro
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Chapter 5 discussed in chapter 4. T
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Chapter 5 5.2. Methods 5.2.1. Colon
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Chapter 5 XIII. XIV. XV. XVI. XVII.
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Chapter 5 XVI. XVII. XVIII. XIX. XX
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Chapter 5 5.3.2. Repeatability of m
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Chapter 5 Figure 5.2: Stained biofi
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Chapter 5 was formed at room temper
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Chapter 5 Table 5.3: The density of
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Chapter 5 5.3.4. The density of bio
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Chapter 5 Table 5.6: The difference
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Chapter 5 Table 5.7: The difference
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Chapter 5 Table 5.8: Summary of ass
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Chapter 5 interpretation therefore
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Chapter 5 measures of S. enterica b
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Chapter 5 cells peaks [165, 191]. D
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Chapter 5 5.5. Limitations of the s
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Chapter 6 Discussion of S. enterica
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Chapter 6 However, a number of auth
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Chapter 6 It is of interest to exam
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Chapter 6 were similar at 48 hours.
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Chapter 6 attributable to a small n
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Chapter 6 chosen as an appropriate
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Chapter 6 undetermined. However, th
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Chapter 6 reason for this may be du
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Chapter 6 Moreover, based on the re
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Chapter 6 responsible for increased
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Chapter 6 not fully capture the ran
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Chapter 6 However, the extent of bi
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Chapter 6 6.10. Conclusions and rec
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Chapter 6 studies may solve some of
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Bibliography Bibliography Page 221
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Bibliography 12. T. Takata, J.L., H
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Bibliography 29. Barker, J., M. Nae
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Bibliography 47. Threlfall, E.J., H
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Bibliography 65. CDC. Investigation
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Bibliography 83. Ledeboer, N., Frye
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Bibliography 100. Chia, T., Goulter
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Bibliography 117. Buckingham-Meyer,
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Bibliography 133. European Committe
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Bibliography Supernatant of a Hafni
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Bibliography 165. Díez-García, M.
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Bibliography cultivation of Staphyl
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Bibliography Compounds. 2012. Appli
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Bibliography 215. Buck, et al., A q
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Bibliography Canadian Journal of Ps
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Appendix 1 Appendix 1— List of Re
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Appendix 1 Appendix 1 - List of Equ
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Appendix 2 Colour index High outlie
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Appendix 3 Appendix 3-Figure 2: PFG
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Appendix 4 Poster Presentation Envi
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