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Chapter 1 antigens [z27],[z45] [1]. The antigenic formulae of the S. Agona associated with this outbreak was 4,12:f,g,s as the two phase 2 antigens were not present. Salmonella Agona was first isolated in central Ghana [41]. It was rarely identified again until a spate of outbreaks 10 years later in Israel, Netherlands, the United Kingdom (UK) and the United States (US) which were traced back to imported fish meal and animal feed [42]. It is suspected that S. Agona made its way into the human food chain due to persistence in animal livestock. Ever since its successful establishment in the food chain it has been responsible for a number of large outbreaks worldwide [43]. According to the figures released by the Irish Department of Agriculture and Fisheries (DAFF) S. Agona was the third most frequently isolated serovar from food samples when samples were reported between 2006 and 2011 [4]. However the number of S. Agona samples decreased dramatically from 87 in 2009 to 26 samples in 2010 and 4 samples received in 2011. Therefore this ranking may reflect the large outbreak of S. Agona recorded in Ireland over this time (2008-2009). However the number of samples received in previous years were also high (93 samples received in 2007). This particular outbreak is discussed in further detail in section 1.9.2 of this chapter. Douris et al. also reported that the number of S. Agona samples received through the United States National Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System (NARMS) also increased and S. Agona was in the top 15 serovars reported in animals between 1997-2003 [44]. S. Agona was also in the top 20 isolates associated other sources including clinical and non-clinical samples [44]. Page 11
Chapter 1 1.12.2. Previously reported S. Agona outbreaks There was a dramatic increase in the number of cases of S. Agona reported in Israel in 1995-1996, with 2200 cases reported in a 5 month period [45]. However an epidemiological investigation failed to identify a link with the food chain until authorities received a call from the health authorities in the UK reporting that there was an outbreak of S. Agona which they suspected to have come from ready to eat kosher savoury snacks imported from Israel [45]. The international outbreak, with cases reported in the UK, US and Canada was first noticed as all the reported cases were from children with “Jewish sounding surnames” [46]. The link to the food product had not previously been traced back to the snack in Israel as the snack was consumed by most young children in Israel. The contaminated snacks were manufactured on at least 7 occasions over a 4 month period which suggests a prolonged fault in good manufacturing practices within the food processing plant [46]. During an environmental investigation of the food plant S. Agona was not detected [45]. However the contaminated product contained high quantities of bacterial strain responsible for the outbreak (2-45 organisms per 25g packet of produce) [46]. PFGE was used to assess the genetic relatedness of the samples from the UK, US, Canada and France. The results of the investigation indicated that the strains were closely related (indistinguishable PFGE pattern) [47]. In 1996, a smaller outbreak of S. Agona PT15 (6 confirmed cases) was reported in the UK. The outbreak was associated with the consumption of undercooked turkey meat. After an investigation, the contamination was suspected to stem from deficiencies in raw meat handling, preparation and appropriate cooking practices [48]. In 1996 there was also an outbreak of S. Agona in the state of Texas, US. This outbreak was responsible for eighteen salmonellosis cases involving improperly prepared machacado (air dried raw beef product) in two restaurants [49]. Page 12
Page 1: Salmonella enterica - biofilm forma
Page 4 and 5: Table of Contents Page Number 1.16.
Page 6 and 7: Table of Contents Page Number 4.1.2
Page 8 and 9: Table of Contents Page Number 6.8.4
Page 10 and 11: List of Abbreviations Table Page Nu
Page 12 and 13: List of Abbreviations List of Abbre
Page 14 and 15: Summary of Content Summary of Conte
Page 16 and 17: “To show your true ability is alw
Page 18 and 19: Acknowledgements ever met, Fiona th
Page 20 and 21: Acknowledgements This Ph.D. thesis
Page 22 and 23: Chapter 1 1.1. Salmonella Salmonell
Page 24 and 25: Chapter 1 may impose enormous costs
Page 26 and 27: Chapter 1 cracks or penetration of
Page 28 and 29: Chapter 1 detected by agglutination
Page 30 and 31: Chapter 1 become colonized with >10
Page 34 and 35: Chapter 1 S. Agona has also been im
Page 36 and 37: Chapter 1 isolated from undercooked
Page 38 and 39: Chapter 1 The S. Typhimurium strain
Page 40 and 41: Chapter 1 ecosystem with the use of
Page 42 and 43: Chapter 1 [82]. Previous research h
Page 44 and 45: Chapter 1 to genes involved in flag
Page 46 and 47: Chapter 1 observation has also been
Page 48 and 49: Chapter 1 [119] and flow cell react
Page 50 and 51: Chapter 1 based disinfectant) the s
Page 52 and 53: Chapter 1 formation of two strains
Page 54 and 55: Chapter 1 shield the S. Agona cells
Page 56 and 57: Chapter 1 Key Objectives of this st
Page 58 and 59: Chapter 2 2. Abstract Food-borne pa
Page 60 and 61: Chapter 2 indicated that there may
Page 62 and 63: Chapter 2 taken from industrial set
Page 64 and 65: Chapter 2 2.1.4. CDC Biofilm Reacto
Page 66 and 67: Chapter 2 can be performed without
Page 68 and 69: Chapter 2 To summarise, previous au
Page 70 and 71: Chapter 2 2.3. Methods for examinin
Page 72 and 73: Chapter 2 and the biofilm formed th
Page 74 and 75: Chapter 2 2.4. Statistical Analysis
Page 76 and 77: Chapter 2 Table 2.1: Strain charact
Page 78 and 79: Chapter 2 XII. The gas port and med
Page 80 and 81: Chapter 2 II. Primary fixative cons
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Chapter 2 IX. Once the conditions w
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Chapter 2 Figure 2.1: Image of CBR
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Chapter 2 2.6. Results 2.6.1. Asses
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Chapter 2 2.6.3. SEM Analysis of su
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Chapter 2 Figure 2.6: Complete remo
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Chapter 2 2.6.5. Mean log 10 densit
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Chapter 2 2.6.6. Mean log 10 densit
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Chapter 2 Table 2.5: Mean log 10 de
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Chapter 2 The results displayed in
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Chapter 2 Table 2.7: Difference bet
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Chapter 2 Table 2.8: The mean log 1
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Chapter 2 Figure 2.7: Graph of the
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Chapter 2 also used “high” soni
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Chapter 2 2.8. Summary All 13 strai
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Chapter 3 3. Abstract It has been e
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Chapter 3 classified as persistent
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Chapter 3 was plated onto TSA for e
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Chapter 3 Figure 3.1: The mean log
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Chapter 3 Figure 3.3: SEM image of
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Chapter 3 Table 3.2: Difference bet
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Chapter 3 3.4.3. Intra-serovar vari
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Chapter 3 3.4.4. Strain variation i
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Chapter 3 3.4.5. The density of bio
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Chapter 3 3.5. Discussion As illust
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Chapter 3 As discussed in section 3
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Chapter 3 increased biofilm appeare
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Chapter 4 Examining the efficacy of
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Chapter 4 through laboratory based
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Chapter 4 acid and quaternary ammon
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Chapter 4 the surface the temperatu
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Chapter 4 availability of multiple
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Chapter 4 peracetic acid (100, 200,
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Chapter 4 As discussed previously,
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Chapter 4 Dey/Engley (Difco) neutra
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Chapter 4 sterilisation was achieve
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Chapter 4 IX. Aliquots of 100µl of
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Chapter 4 XV. XVI. XVII. XVIII. XIX
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Chapter 4 4.3. Results 4.3.1. Suspe
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Chapter 4 Table 4.3: Mean log 10 de
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Chapter 4 Benzalkonium chloride was
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Chapter 4 4.4. Discussion Suspensio
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Chapter 4 effective at eliminating
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Chapter 4 Surprisingly, Nguyen et a
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Chapter 4 though a contact time of
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Chapter 4 provide a more standardis
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Chapter 4 hours instead of the stan
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Chapter 5 5. Abstract Examining bio
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Chapter 5 dry and rough (bdar) morp
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Chapter 5 absence of curli and cell
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Chapter 5 studies such as the micro
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Chapter 5 discussed in chapter 4. T
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Chapter 5 5.2. Methods 5.2.1. Colon
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Chapter 5 XIII. XIV. XV. XVI. XVII.
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Chapter 5 XVI. XVII. XVIII. XIX. XX
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Chapter 5 5.3.2. Repeatability of m
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Chapter 5 Figure 5.2: Stained biofi
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Chapter 5 was formed at room temper
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Chapter 5 Table 5.3: The density of
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Chapter 5 5.3.4. The density of bio
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Chapter 5 Table 5.6: The difference
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Chapter 5 Table 5.7: The difference
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Chapter 5 Table 5.8: Summary of ass
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Chapter 5 interpretation therefore
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Chapter 5 measures of S. enterica b
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Chapter 5 cells peaks [165, 191]. D
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Chapter 5 5.5. Limitations of the s
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Chapter 6 Discussion of S. enterica
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Chapter 6 However, a number of auth
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Chapter 6 It is of interest to exam
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Chapter 6 were similar at 48 hours.
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Chapter 6 attributable to a small n
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Chapter 6 chosen as an appropriate
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Chapter 6 undetermined. However, th
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Chapter 6 reason for this may be du
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Chapter 6 Moreover, based on the re
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Chapter 6 responsible for increased
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Chapter 6 not fully capture the ran
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Chapter 6 However, the extent of bi
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Chapter 6 6.10. Conclusions and rec
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Chapter 6 studies may solve some of
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Bibliography Bibliography Page 221
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Bibliography 12. T. Takata, J.L., H
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Bibliography 29. Barker, J., M. Nae
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Bibliography 47. Threlfall, E.J., H
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Bibliography 65. CDC. Investigation
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Bibliography 83. Ledeboer, N., Frye
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Bibliography 100. Chia, T., Goulter
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Bibliography 117. Buckingham-Meyer,
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Bibliography 133. European Committe
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Bibliography Supernatant of a Hafni
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Bibliography 165. Díez-García, M.
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Bibliography cultivation of Staphyl
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Bibliography Compounds. 2012. Appli
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Bibliography 215. Buck, et al., A q
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Bibliography Canadian Journal of Ps
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Appendix 1 Appendix 1— List of Re
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Appendix 1 Appendix 1 - List of Equ
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Appendix 2 Colour index High outlie
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Page 280 and 281:
Page 282 and 283:
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Appendix 3 Appendix 3-Figure 2: PFG
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Appendix 4 Poster Presentation Envi
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