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Chapter 1 cracks or penetration of weak eggshell membranes [13]. Dairy products can become contaminated with Salmonella through poor handling practices at the farming level (such as milking of animals). Bacterial contamination in dairy products can be eliminated by pasteurization. 1.7. Predominant serovars implicated in food-borne outbreaks A recent report published by the European Food Safety Authority indicated that that Salmonella was the most frequent recognised agent involved in food-borne outbreaks [14]. Certain serovars are predominant in particular foods and animal sources, therefore identifying the serovar which causes contamination is valuable in identifying the source outbreaks of food-borne origin. Moreover, particular serovars are host specific for example S. Gallinarum in poultry [6], S. Abortusovis in sheep [15], S. Abortusequi in horses [16]. Over the years S. Typhimurium was the predominant cause of human foodborne salmonellosis in Europe and in the United States [7]. However since the emergence of S. Enteritidis into the food chain in the 1970-1980’s, there has been significant displacement of dominant serovars and S. Enteritidis is reported more frequently than S. Typhimurium in many European countries [5]. 1.8. Serotyping of Salmonella Salmonella serotyping is based on the immunoreactivity of the two surface antigen groups, the O antigens (somatic antigens) and the H antigens (flagellar antigens) and to a lesser extent the Vi antigens (capsular antigens) which are present in very few serotypes (S. Typhi, S. Paratyphi C and S. Dublin). The O antigens are the carbohydrate (O subunits or Page 5
Chapter 1 polysaccharides) component attached to the core oligosaccharide of the lipopolysaccharides molecule. Variation between O antigens can occur as a result of differences in the sugar component of the O-subunit, from the bonds between the sugar components that form a subunit or the linkage of the subunits [17]. The O antigens can be divided into two groups the O- group antigens (core antigens) and the ancillary antigens (additional polysaccharide subunits that are added to the core antigen structure). Each O antigen has been designated a number for identification. Strains that do not express O antigens are referred to as rough in the antigenic structure details [17]. Historically some were assigned alphabetically and the terms are still in use [17]. All O antigens detected on the surface are listed sequentially following the White-Kauffmann-Le Minor scheme [1]. The H antigen is the filamentous portion of the flagellar component of the bacterium. The antigenic differentiation is related to diversity in the middle portion of the flagellin protein. Most Salmonella cells can express two different H antigens (diphasic). The phase 1 antigen is encoded by the fliC gene and the phase 2 antigen is encoded by the fliB gene [17]. Most cells only express 1 antigen at a single time. Cells that can only express 1 antigen are referred to as monophasic, which can occur naturally in some serovars or through loss of either the fliC gene or fliB genes in serovars that are usually diphasic such as S. Typhimurium [17]. The lack of a phase 1 or phase 2 antigen is denoted by a “-“ in the antigenic structure as described in S. Typhimurium in section 1.9.2. Non motile strains do not express phase 1 or phase 2 antigens and are denoted with two “-” in the antigenic formula. The O antigen is detected in a bacterial suspension taken from an agar plate. Detection of H antigens is performed on a bacterial suspension from broth (to ensure motility of the bacterium). The presence of antigens is Page 6
Page 1: Salmonella enterica - biofilm forma
Page 4 and 5: Table of Contents Page Number 1.16.
Page 6 and 7: Table of Contents Page Number 4.1.2
Page 8 and 9: Table of Contents Page Number 6.8.4
Page 10 and 11: List of Abbreviations Table Page Nu
Page 12 and 13: List of Abbreviations List of Abbre
Page 14 and 15: Summary of Content Summary of Conte
Page 16 and 17: “To show your true ability is alw
Page 18 and 19: Acknowledgements ever met, Fiona th
Page 20 and 21: Acknowledgements This Ph.D. thesis
Page 22 and 23: Chapter 1 1.1. Salmonella Salmonell
Page 24 and 25: Chapter 1 may impose enormous costs
Page 28 and 29: Chapter 1 detected by agglutination
Page 30 and 31: Chapter 1 become colonized with >10
Page 32 and 33: Chapter 1 antigens [z27],[z45] [1].
Page 34 and 35: Chapter 1 S. Agona has also been im
Page 36 and 37: Chapter 1 isolated from undercooked
Page 38 and 39: Chapter 1 The S. Typhimurium strain
Page 40 and 41: Chapter 1 ecosystem with the use of
Page 42 and 43: Chapter 1 [82]. Previous research h
Page 44 and 45: Chapter 1 to genes involved in flag
Page 46 and 47: Chapter 1 observation has also been
Page 48 and 49: Chapter 1 [119] and flow cell react
Page 50 and 51: Chapter 1 based disinfectant) the s
Page 52 and 53: Chapter 1 formation of two strains
Page 54 and 55: Chapter 1 shield the S. Agona cells
Page 56 and 57: Chapter 1 Key Objectives of this st
Page 58 and 59: Chapter 2 2. Abstract Food-borne pa
Page 60 and 61: Chapter 2 indicated that there may
Page 62 and 63: Chapter 2 taken from industrial set
Page 64 and 65: Chapter 2 2.1.4. CDC Biofilm Reacto
Page 66 and 67: Chapter 2 can be performed without
Page 68 and 69: Chapter 2 To summarise, previous au
Page 70 and 71: Chapter 2 2.3. Methods for examinin
Page 72 and 73: Chapter 2 and the biofilm formed th
Page 74 and 75: Chapter 2 2.4. Statistical Analysis
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Chapter 2 Table 2.1: Strain charact
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Chapter 2 XII. The gas port and med
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Chapter 2 II. Primary fixative cons
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Chapter 2 IX. Once the conditions w
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Chapter 2 Figure 2.1: Image of CBR
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Chapter 2 2.6. Results 2.6.1. Asses
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Chapter 2 2.6.3. SEM Analysis of su
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Chapter 2 Figure 2.6: Complete remo
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Chapter 2 2.6.5. Mean log 10 densit
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Chapter 2 2.6.6. Mean log 10 densit
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Chapter 2 Table 2.5: Mean log 10 de
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Chapter 2 The results displayed in
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Chapter 2 Table 2.7: Difference bet
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Chapter 2 Table 2.8: The mean log 1
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Chapter 2 Figure 2.7: Graph of the
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Chapter 2 also used “high” soni
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Chapter 2 2.8. Summary All 13 strai
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Chapter 3 3. Abstract It has been e
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Chapter 3 classified as persistent
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Chapter 3 was plated onto TSA for e
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Chapter 3 Figure 3.1: The mean log
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Chapter 3 Figure 3.3: SEM image of
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Chapter 3 Table 3.2: Difference bet
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Chapter 3 3.4.3. Intra-serovar vari
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Chapter 3 3.4.4. Strain variation i
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Chapter 3 3.4.5. The density of bio
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Chapter 3 3.5. Discussion As illust
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Chapter 3 As discussed in section 3
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Chapter 3 increased biofilm appeare
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Chapter 4 Examining the efficacy of
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Chapter 4 through laboratory based
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Chapter 4 acid and quaternary ammon
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Chapter 4 the surface the temperatu
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Chapter 4 availability of multiple
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Chapter 4 peracetic acid (100, 200,
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Chapter 4 As discussed previously,
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Chapter 4 Dey/Engley (Difco) neutra
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Chapter 4 sterilisation was achieve
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Chapter 4 IX. Aliquots of 100µl of
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Chapter 4 XV. XVI. XVII. XVIII. XIX
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Chapter 4 4.3. Results 4.3.1. Suspe
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Chapter 4 Table 4.3: Mean log 10 de
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Chapter 4 Benzalkonium chloride was
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Chapter 4 4.4. Discussion Suspensio
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Chapter 4 effective at eliminating
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Chapter 4 Surprisingly, Nguyen et a
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Chapter 4 though a contact time of
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Chapter 4 provide a more standardis
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Chapter 4 hours instead of the stan
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Chapter 5 5. Abstract Examining bio
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Chapter 5 dry and rough (bdar) morp
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Chapter 5 absence of curli and cell
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Chapter 5 studies such as the micro
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Chapter 5 discussed in chapter 4. T
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Chapter 5 5.2. Methods 5.2.1. Colon
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Chapter 5 XIII. XIV. XV. XVI. XVII.
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Chapter 5 XVI. XVII. XVIII. XIX. XX
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Chapter 5 5.3.2. Repeatability of m
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Chapter 5 Figure 5.2: Stained biofi
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Chapter 5 was formed at room temper
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Chapter 5 Table 5.3: The density of
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Chapter 5 5.3.4. The density of bio
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Chapter 5 Table 5.6: The difference
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Chapter 5 Table 5.7: The difference
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Chapter 5 Table 5.8: Summary of ass
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Chapter 5 interpretation therefore
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Chapter 5 measures of S. enterica b
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Chapter 5 cells peaks [165, 191]. D
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Chapter 5 5.5. Limitations of the s
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Chapter 6 Discussion of S. enterica
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Chapter 6 However, a number of auth
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Chapter 6 It is of interest to exam
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Chapter 6 were similar at 48 hours.
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Chapter 6 attributable to a small n
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Chapter 6 chosen as an appropriate
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Chapter 6 undetermined. However, th
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Chapter 6 reason for this may be du
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Chapter 6 Moreover, based on the re
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Chapter 6 responsible for increased
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Chapter 6 not fully capture the ran
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Chapter 6 However, the extent of bi
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Chapter 6 6.10. Conclusions and rec
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Chapter 6 studies may solve some of
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Bibliography Bibliography Page 221
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Bibliography 12. T. Takata, J.L., H
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Bibliography 29. Barker, J., M. Nae
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Bibliography 47. Threlfall, E.J., H
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Bibliography 65. CDC. Investigation
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Bibliography 83. Ledeboer, N., Frye
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Bibliography 100. Chia, T., Goulter
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Bibliography 117. Buckingham-Meyer,
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Bibliography 133. European Committe
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Bibliography Supernatant of a Hafni
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Bibliography 165. Díez-García, M.
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Bibliography cultivation of Staphyl
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Bibliography Compounds. 2012. Appli
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Bibliography 215. Buck, et al., A q
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Bibliography Canadian Journal of Ps
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Appendix 1 Appendix 1— List of Re
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Appendix 1 Appendix 1 - List of Equ
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Appendix 2 Colour index High outlie
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Page 280 and 281:
Page 282 and 283:
Page 284 and 285:
Page 286 and 287:
Appendix 3 Appendix 3-Figure 2: PFG
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Appendix 4 Poster Presentation Envi
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