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Chapter 5 was formed at room temperature, the results suggested that the outbreak strains of S. Agona S08-0601 formed a more dense biofilm than other strains of S. Agona, S. Typhimurium and S. Enteritidis studied. However there appears to be relatively little difference between the mean OD 590 of the stained biofilm when the strains were incubated at 37°C. When the full set of OD 590 measurements were examined (Appendix 2-Table 2 and Table 3), the difference in mean was largely due to the impact of a small number of outlying values on the mean OD 590 for the S. Agona S08-0601 strain. If those outliers were excluded there appeared to be only a marginal difference in the OD 590 measurements of biofilm formed by the two outbreak strains. Similarly, there were only marginal differences between the S. Agona strains related to the outbreak and the other S. Agona strains (not associated with the outbreak). However, when the biofilm was formed at 22°C in most instances, the S. Agona strains formed a more dense biofilm than the S. Typhimurium and S. Enteritidis strains. This observation is displayed the ranking of strains based on the highest mean OD 590 (1) to the lowest OD 590 (13). Based on this, 5 of the 6 S. Agona strains display the highest mean OD 590 measurements. Although as previously discussed, the variation in repeated measures (as displayed in Appendix 2-Table 2 and Table 3) needs to be considered when making direct comparisons of mean OD 590 of strains. However the trend for S. Agona to form a more dense biofilm than S. Enteritidis and S. Typhimurium is not consistent when the biofilm was formed at 37°C. Similarly, there were differences between the strains within the S. Typhimurium serovar when incubated at 22°C, particularly for the S. Typhimurium strain SL1344, but again there were a small number of outliers in the 9 observations of SL1344 (Appendix 2- Table 2 and Table 3). The presence of outliers in the set of measurements of OD was also Page 173
Chapter 5 indicated through a high standard deviation which is underlined in Table 5.3. If the outliers for SL1344 were excluded there was no apparent difference between this strain and the other S. Typhimurium strains. There were also no consistent differences between the strains when incubated at 37°C for 48 hours. There were no major differences in the density of biofilm formed by the two S. Enteritidis strains when incubated at either temperature. The S. Enteritidis strains had the 7 th and 8 th highest mean OD 590 when incubated at 22°C and the 7 th and 12 th highest mean OD 590 when incubated at 37°C for 48 hours. The strains were to be grouped into the respective serovars as displayed in Table 5.4. There appeared to be a difference between the three serovars when incubated at 22°C for 48 hours, with S. Agona forming a more dense biofilm than the other strains. However, as previously stated the large variation in results (denoted by SD) reduces the confidence in this finding. Page 174
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Salmonella enterica - biofilm forma
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Table of Contents Page Number 1.16.
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Table of Contents Page Number 4.1.2
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Table of Contents Page Number 6.8.4
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List of Abbreviations Table Page Nu
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List of Abbreviations List of Abbre
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Summary of Content Summary of Conte
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“To show your true ability is alw
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Acknowledgements ever met, Fiona th
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Acknowledgements This Ph.D. thesis
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Chapter 1 1.1. Salmonella Salmonell
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Chapter 1 may impose enormous costs
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Chapter 1 cracks or penetration of
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Chapter 1 detected by agglutination
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Chapter 1 become colonized with >10
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Chapter 1 antigens [z27],[z45] [1].
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Chapter 1 S. Agona has also been im
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Chapter 1 isolated from undercooked
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Chapter 1 The S. Typhimurium strain
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Chapter 1 ecosystem with the use of
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Chapter 1 [82]. Previous research h
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Chapter 1 to genes involved in flag
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Chapter 1 observation has also been
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Chapter 1 [119] and flow cell react
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Chapter 1 based disinfectant) the s
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Chapter 1 formation of two strains
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Chapter 1 shield the S. Agona cells
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Chapter 1 Key Objectives of this st
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Chapter 2 2. Abstract Food-borne pa
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Chapter 2 indicated that there may
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Chapter 2 taken from industrial set
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Chapter 2 2.1.4. CDC Biofilm Reacto
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Chapter 2 can be performed without
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Chapter 2 To summarise, previous au
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Chapter 2 2.3. Methods for examinin
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Chapter 2 and the biofilm formed th
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Chapter 2 2.4. Statistical Analysis
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Chapter 2 Table 2.1: Strain charact
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Chapter 2 XII. The gas port and med
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Chapter 2 II. Primary fixative cons
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Chapter 2 IX. Once the conditions w
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Chapter 2 Figure 2.1: Image of CBR
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Chapter 2 2.6. Results 2.6.1. Asses
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Chapter 2 2.6.3. SEM Analysis of su
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Chapter 2 Figure 2.6: Complete remo
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Chapter 2 2.6.5. Mean log 10 densit
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Chapter 2 2.6.6. Mean log 10 densit
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Chapter 2 Table 2.5: Mean log 10 de
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Chapter 2 The results displayed in
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Chapter 2 Table 2.7: Difference bet
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Chapter 2 Table 2.8: The mean log 1
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Chapter 2 Figure 2.7: Graph of the
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Chapter 2 also used “high” soni
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Chapter 2 2.8. Summary All 13 strai
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Chapter 3 3. Abstract It has been e
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Chapter 3 classified as persistent
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Chapter 3 was plated onto TSA for e
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Chapter 3 Figure 3.1: The mean log
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Chapter 3 Figure 3.3: SEM image of
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Chapter 3 Table 3.2: Difference bet
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Chapter 3 3.4.3. Intra-serovar vari
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Chapter 3 3.4.4. Strain variation i
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Chapter 3 3.4.5. The density of bio
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Chapter 3 3.5. Discussion As illust
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Chapter 3 As discussed in section 3
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Chapter 3 increased biofilm appeare
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Chapter 4 Examining the efficacy of
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Chapter 4 through laboratory based
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Chapter 4 acid and quaternary ammon
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Chapter 4 the surface the temperatu
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Chapter 4 availability of multiple
Page 144 and 145: Chapter 4 peracetic acid (100, 200,
Page 146 and 147: Chapter 4 As discussed previously,
Page 148 and 149: Chapter 4 Dey/Engley (Difco) neutra
Page 150 and 151: Chapter 4 sterilisation was achieve
Page 152 and 153: Chapter 4 IX. Aliquots of 100µl of
Page 154 and 155: Chapter 4 XV. XVI. XVII. XVIII. XIX
Page 156 and 157: Chapter 4 4.3. Results 4.3.1. Suspe
Page 158 and 159: Chapter 4 Table 4.3: Mean log 10 de
Page 160 and 161: Chapter 4 Benzalkonium chloride was
Page 162 and 163: Chapter 4 4.4. Discussion Suspensio
Page 164 and 165: Chapter 4 effective at eliminating
Page 166 and 167: Chapter 4 Surprisingly, Nguyen et a
Page 168 and 169: Chapter 4 though a contact time of
Page 170 and 171: Chapter 4 provide a more standardis
Page 172 and 173: Chapter 4 hours instead of the stan
Page 174 and 175: Chapter 5 5. Abstract Examining bio
Page 176 and 177: Chapter 5 dry and rough (bdar) morp
Page 178 and 179: Chapter 5 absence of curli and cell
Page 180 and 181: Chapter 5 studies such as the micro
Page 182 and 183: Chapter 5 discussed in chapter 4. T
Page 184 and 185: Chapter 5 5.2. Methods 5.2.1. Colon
Page 186 and 187: Chapter 5 XIII. XIV. XV. XVI. XVII.
Page 188 and 189: Chapter 5 XVI. XVII. XVIII. XIX. XX
Page 190 and 191: Chapter 5 5.3.2. Repeatability of m
Page 192 and 193: Chapter 5 Figure 5.2: Stained biofi
Page 196 and 197: Chapter 5 Table 5.3: The density of
Page 198 and 199: Chapter 5 5.3.4. The density of bio
Page 200 and 201: Chapter 5 Table 5.6: The difference
Page 202 and 203: Chapter 5 Table 5.7: The difference
Page 204 and 205: Chapter 5 Table 5.8: Summary of ass
Page 206 and 207: Chapter 5 interpretation therefore
Page 208 and 209: Chapter 5 measures of S. enterica b
Page 210 and 211: Chapter 5 cells peaks [165, 191]. D
Page 212 and 213: Chapter 5 5.5. Limitations of the s
Page 214 and 215: Chapter 6 Discussion of S. enterica
Page 216 and 217: Chapter 6 However, a number of auth
Page 218 and 219: Chapter 6 It is of interest to exam
Page 220 and 221: Chapter 6 were similar at 48 hours.
Page 222 and 223: Chapter 6 attributable to a small n
Page 224 and 225: Chapter 6 chosen as an appropriate
Page 226 and 227: Chapter 6 undetermined. However, th
Page 228 and 229: Chapter 6 reason for this may be du
Page 230 and 231: Chapter 6 Moreover, based on the re
Page 232 and 233: Chapter 6 responsible for increased
Page 234 and 235: Chapter 6 not fully capture the ran
Page 236 and 237: Chapter 6 However, the extent of bi
Page 238 and 239: Chapter 6 6.10. Conclusions and rec
Page 240 and 241: Chapter 6 studies may solve some of
Page 242 and 243: Bibliography Bibliography Page 221
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Bibliography 12. T. Takata, J.L., H
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Bibliography 29. Barker, J., M. Nae
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Bibliography 47. Threlfall, E.J., H
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Bibliography 65. CDC. Investigation
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Bibliography 83. Ledeboer, N., Frye
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Bibliography 100. Chia, T., Goulter
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Bibliography 117. Buckingham-Meyer,
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Bibliography 133. European Committe
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Bibliography Supernatant of a Hafni
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Bibliography 165. Díez-García, M.
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Bibliography cultivation of Staphyl
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Bibliography Compounds. 2012. Appli
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Bibliography 215. Buck, et al., A q
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Bibliography Canadian Journal of Ps
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Appendix 1 Appendix 1— List of Re
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Appendix 1 Appendix 1 - List of Equ
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Appendix 2 Colour index High outlie
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Appendix 3 Appendix 3-Figure 2: PFG
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Appendix 4 Poster Presentation Envi
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