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Table of Contents Table of Content List of Tables List of Figures List of Abbreviations Summary of Content Declaration Acknowledgements Page Number viii x xi xiii xiv xvi Chapter 1- An introduction to Salmonella and biofilm formation 1.1. Salmonella 1 1.2. History of Typhoidal Salmonella 2 1.3. Non-typhoidal Salmonella 2 1.4. Clinical features of salmonellosis 3 1.5. Treatment of Salmonella infection 4 1.6. Sources of Salmonella contamination 4 1.7. Predominant serovars implicated in food-borne 5 outbreaks 1.8. Serotyping of Salmonella 5 1.9. Methods used for epidemiological surveillance of 7 Salmonella 1.10. Zoonotic Infection - transmission from farm to fork 8 1.11. Salmonellosis in Ireland 9 1.12. Salmonella Agona 10 1.12.1. Salmonella Agona – History of food-borne outbreaks 10 1.12.2. Previously reported S. Agona outbreaks 12 1.12.2.1. The Salmonella Agona SAGOXB.0066 outbreak 14 1.12.2.2. The variant strain – remnants of SAGOXB.0066 16 1.13. S. Typhimurium and “S. Typhimurium-like” strains 17 1.14. S. Enteritidis 17 1.15. Biofilm 18 1.15.1. Structural components and genetic cues to biofilm 20 development 1.15.2. Identification through colony morphology 23 1.15.3. Salmonella grown as a biofilm on food contact surfaces 24 1.15.4. Methods for Biofilm analysis 25 1.16. Biocides and Disinfectants 27 1.16.1. Tolerance to disinfectants 28 ii
Page 1: Salmonella enterica - biofilm forma
Page 5 and 6: Table of Contents Page Number 2.6.5
Page 7 and 8: Table of Contents 5.1.4. Assessing
Page 9 and 10: List of Abbreviations List of Table
Page 11 and 12: List of Figures List of Figures Fig
Page 13 and 14: List of Abbreviations MLST NARMS N
Page 15 and 16: Declaration Declaration This work i
Page 17 and 18: Acknowledgements Acknowledgements F
Page 19 and 20: Acknowledgements needed to call in
Page 21 and 22: Chapter 1 An introduction to Salmon
Page 23 and 24: Chapter 1 1.2. History of typhoidal
Page 25 and 26: Chapter 1 1.5. Treatment of Salmone
Page 27 and 28: Chapter 1 polysaccharides) componen
Page 29 and 30: Chapter 1 Multi Locus Sequence Typi
Page 31 and 32: Chapter 1 most common serovar submi
Page 33 and 34: Chapter 1 1.12.2. Previously report
Page 35 and 36: Chapter 1 cases reported in 15 stat
Page 37 and 38: Chapter 1 rapidly throughout Europe
Page 39 and 40: Chapter 1 and culling of seropositi
Page 41 and 42: Chapter 1 1.15.1. Structural compon
Page 43 and 44: Chapter 1 There are three categorie
Page 45 and 46: Chapter 1 1.15.3. Salmonella grown
Page 47 and 48: Chapter 1 concrete) and aseptically
Page 49 and 50: Chapter 1 standardised approach to
Page 51 and 52: Chapter 1 activity in contaminated
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Chapter 1 of silicone disks [121].
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Chapter 1 biofilm was considered ma
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Chapter 2 Assessing the density of
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Chapter 2 Salmonella enterica [29].
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Chapter 2 allowed increased removal
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Chapter 2 although S. Senftenberg w
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Chapter 2 facilitates testing of di
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Chapter 2 time) and a dried biofilm
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Chapter 2 range of 0.05-0.12 on gra
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Chapter 2 critical point drying due
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Chapter 2 effective method for remo
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Chapter 2 generally accepted by con
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Chapter 2 2.5. Methods 2.5.1. 48 ho
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Chapter 2 XXVIII. Three sets of cou
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Chapter 2 V. A vacuum was created b
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Chapter 2 II. III. The sonication c
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Chapter 2 Figure 2.3: A summary of
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Chapter 2 2.6.2. Scanning Electron
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Chapter 2 Figure 2.5: Incomplete re
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Chapter 2 2.6.4. Mean log 10 densit
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Chapter 2 Table 2.3: Mean and stand
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Chapter 2 Table 2.4: Mean log 10 de
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Chapter 2 2.6.7. Mean log 10 densit
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Chapter 2 2.6.9. Difference between
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Chapter 2 2.6.10. Atomic Force Micr
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Chapter 2 2.7. Discussion The resul
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Chapter 2 It is not evident from th
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Chapter 3 Assessing the density of
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Chapter 3 previously [163]. These e
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Chapter 3 formation on multiple sur
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Chapter 3 Table 3.1: The density of
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Chapter 3 Figure 3.2: SEM image dem
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Chapter 3 3.4.2. Biofilm density ov
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Chapter 3 Figure 3.4: SEM images S.
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Chapter 3 Table 3.3: Intra-serovar
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Chapter 3 Table 3.4: Inter-strain v
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Chapter 3 Table 3.5: The difference
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Chapter 3 authors suggested that pl
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Chapter 3 S. Enteritidis was a less
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Chapter 3 3.6. Summary The research
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Chapter 4 4. Abstract In the previo
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Chapter 4 outflow of excess disinfe
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Chapter 4 found in the food process
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Chapter 4 contact time should be us
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Chapter 4 concentrations used in in
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Chapter 4 As previously discussed B
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Chapter 4 sodium hypochlorite has a
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Chapter 4 4.1.8. Duration of contac
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Chapter 4 4.2. Methods 4.2.1. Broth
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Chapter 4 V. The coupons were relea
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Chapter 4 Table 4.2: Minimum Inhibi
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Chapter 4 coupons were incubated fo
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Chapter 4 4.3.3. Assessing the effi
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Chapter 4 minutes of contact. In ad
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Chapter 4 reported elsewhere has al
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Chapter 4 may prevent removal of th
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Chapter 4 presented in this thesis
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Chapter 4 4.5. Summary The research
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Chapter 5 Examining S. enterica bio
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Chapter 5 5.1. Introduction It was
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Chapter 5 5.1.2. Previous research
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Chapter 5 curli and cellulose may b
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Chapter 5 strains. However the meth
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Chapter 5 with a 0.05% concentratio
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Chapter 5 II. III. IV. A colony fro
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Chapter 5 V. The plates were filled
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Chapter 5 5.3. Results 5.3.1. The c
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Chapter 5 Table 5.2: The optical de
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Chapter 5 5.3.3. The density of bio
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Chapter 5 indicated through a high
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Chapter 5 Table 5.4: The difference
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Chapter 5 Table 5.5: The Density of
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Chapter 5 5.3.5. The difference in
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Chapter 5 5.3.6. Examining the effi
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Chapter 5 5.4. Discussion The resul
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Chapter 5 measurement of biofilm fo
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Chapter 5 indicates that the variat
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Chapter 5 effective in eliminating
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Chapter 5 5.6. Summary S. enterica
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Chapter 6 6. Discussion The Europea
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Chapter 6 model. The combination of
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Chapter 6 between S. Agona and S. T
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Chapter 6 to emphasise the importan
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Chapter 6 biofilm former (in compar
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Chapter 6 considering the same conc
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Chapter 6 glass, 0.18-0.94 on steel
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Chapter 6 multiple strains and usin
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Chapter 6 6.8. Limitations of the S
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Chapter 6 previously published mate
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Chapter 6 6.9. Main Findings Summar
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Chapter 6 and that the duration of
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Chapter 6 6.11. Further research Th
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Chapter 6 better understood. The re
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Bibliography 1. Grimont, P., and We
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Bibliography 2003--results from the
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Bibliography 38. NSSLRL, National S
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Bibliography 56. Vestby, L., Moretr
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Bibliography conditions. 2008. Inte
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Bibliography 91. Snyder, D.S., et a
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Bibliography Salmonella Enteritidis
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Bibliography Pseudomonas aeruginosa
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Bibliography 141. Marin, C., Hernan
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Bibliography associated with a soft
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Bibliography 174. Williams, D.L. an
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Bibliography Benzalkonium Chloride.
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Bibliography 206. McKee, S., Townse
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Bibliography 225. Römling, U., et
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Appendices Page 250
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Appendix 1 Appendix 1 -List of Equi
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Appendix 2 Appendix 2 Table 1: The
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Appendix 2 Appendix 2 - Table 2: 48
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93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 Appendix 3
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Appendix 4 Dissemination of Researc
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Appendix 4 Poster Presentation at S
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