Small Animal Radiology and Ultrasound: A Diagnostic Atlas and Text

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Chapter Two The Thorax 133 Fig. 2-105 A and B, A 10-year-old female Miniature Poodle with a 4-day history of coughing. On the lateral and ventrodorsal thoracic radiographs the cardiac silhouette is enlarged and elongated. The left cardiac margin is rounded, and there is elevation of the tracheal bifurcation. The caudal cardiac margin is straight and upright. The radiographic changes are indicative of left ventricular enlargement. Diagnosis: Left ventricular and atrial enlargement. This was due to mitral insufficiency. A B
134 Small Animal Radiolo g y and Ultrasono graphy ascending aortic arch, as in aortic stenosis, the bulge, if noticeable at all, will be observed cranial to the cardiac silhouette. The proximal ascending aorta is visualized easily by echocardiography. As seen on the right parasternal long-axis left ventricular outflow tract view, the aorta begins with the aortic valves, then is followed by a slight dilation (sinus of Valsalva) and then continues cranial and then dorsal. In some patients, part of the aortic arch can be visualized. Dilation of this segment is recognized readily, and the diameter can be compared with published normals (1.9 cm: 12 kg; 2.4 cm: 24 kg). 55 Dilation of the aorta distal to this region usually is not exhibited on the echocardiogram, because the airfilled lung blocks transmission of sound to these regions (e.g., at the level of ductus arteriosus). M I C R O C A R D I A Microcardia is a nonspecific term that is used to denote a smaller-than-normal cardiac silhouette (Fig. 2-108). It generally reflects a decrease in circulating blood volume. This may occur from hypovolemic shock, dehydration, or emaciation and has been reported with Addison’s disease. 270 The hypovolemia and hypoperfusion also cause the caudal vena cava and pulmonary arteries to appear small. Microcardia may be diagnosed incorrectly when the heart appears small in comparison to the lungs as a result of overinflation of the lungs or tension pneumothorax. On the lateral radiograph, an abnormally small heart may not contact the sternum. It will measure 21/2 intercostal spaces or less in width, and its height will be less than 50% of the lateral thoracic dimension. The apex often appears more sharply pointed than normal. The heart will be almost perpendicular to the sternum. On the ventrodorsal or dorsoventral radiograph, the cardiac silhouette will occupy less than 50% of the thoracic diameter and will be separated from the diaphragm by lucent lung. The heart may be oval in shape due to its upright position within the thorax. Echocardiographically, hypovolemia is recognized by a decrease in the diameter of all chambers and great vessels. Cardiac wall thicknesses will remain normal or be slightly increased, and fractional shortening may be normal or increased. Fig. 2-106 A 4-year-old male Great Dane had a cough and an enlarged cardiac silhouette on radiographs. The M-mode echocardiogram revealed marked dilation of the left ventricle. The septal (SL) and parietal (PL) leaflets of the mitral valve are observed. The E-point septal separation (EPSS—i.e., that distance between the maximal open position of the septal leaflet and the interventricular septum) is enlarged markedly (16 mm). Diagnosis: Dilated cardiomyopathy.
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SAUNDERS An Imprint of Elsevier Sci
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C H A P T E R O N E Introduction GE
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Chapter One Introduction 3 Fig. 1-1
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metal. Soft tissues or organs surro
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Chapter One Introduction 9 signal i
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Chapter One Introduction 11 previou
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Chapter One Introduction 13 Mach ba
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Chapter One Introduction 17 indicat
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Chapter One Introduction 19 Fig. 1-
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Chapter One Introduction 21 Fig. 1-
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Chapter One Introduction 23 24. Lev
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26 Small Animal Radiolo g y and Ult
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Page 91 and 92: A B C Fig. 2-63 A 10-year-old male
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Page 129 and 130: Fig. 2-101 A 7-year-old male mixed
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Fig. 3-234 A 7-year-old female Brit
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Fig. 4-59 A 9-year-old female Russi
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Fig. 4-73 A 2-year-old female Saint
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Fig. 4-97 A 10-year-old male mixed
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Fig. 4-107 A 4-year-old male Chow C
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I N D E X A Abdomen, abnormal prese
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Index 729 Bone, cysts of, 525-527,
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Index 731 Ear, abscess of—cont’
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Index 733 Hydrocephalus—cont’d
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Index 735 Lungs. See also Pulmonary
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Index 737 Pregnancy, determination
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Index 739 S-shaped aortic deformity
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Small Animal Radiology and Ultrasound: A Diagnostic Atlas and Text

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