Small Animal Radiology and Ultrasound: A Diagnostic Atlas and Text

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Chapter Three The Abd omen 369 Fig. 3-139 A 10-year-old male domestic short-haired cat with tenesmus and vomiting. A and B, The right kidney is small and irregularly shaped (open white arrows). The left kidney is large and regularly shaped (black arrows). Differential diagnoses include unilateral chronic pyelonephritis or congenital hypoplasia and contralateral compensatory hypertrophy. Diagnosis: Chronic pyelonephritis of the right kidney and hypertrophy of the left. A B
370 Small Animal Radiolo g y and Ultrasono graphy Fig. 3-140 A 4-year-old female Maltese with occasional seizures. The ventrodorsal radiograph revealed a calcific density shaped like a renal pelvis within the left renal pelvis (black arrow). This location was confirmed on the lateral view. Diagnosis: Left renal calculus. Excretory Urography. The EU, also known as intravenous pyelogram or intravenous urogram, is the radiographic method for evaluating abnormalities of the kidneys and ureters that are not apparent on the survey radiographs.* The study may be divided into two distinct phases. 421,426,474 The first phase is the nephrogram stage—usually seen on the radiographs exposed within the first few minutes after contrast injection (Figs. 3-141, A and 3-142, A). During this phase, contrast is distributed evenly throughout the renal intravascular compartment and to some extent within the renal tubules. 426,474 Homogenous opacification, or blush, of the kidneys occurs due to the relatively large fraction of total blood volume that goes to the kidney. This is the ideal phase for evaluation of the renal size and shape. In some studies, a difference in density between renal cortex and medulla will be seen and a cortical medullary ratio may be determined. The second phase of the study is the pyelogram (Figs. 3-141, B and 3-142, B). During this phase the collecting structures and renal pelvis should be seen. This usually is visualized on the radiographs made at or beyond 5 minutes after contrast injection. Although not usually considered a phase of the EU, the vascular anatomy sometimes can be identified during an EU (vascular nephrogram phase) if the patient is positioned for radiography before the contrast is injected, the contrast is injected rapidly, and the radiographic exposure is made approximately 10 seconds after the injection is completed. Often the renal artery and vein can be identified in this radiograph. The nephrogram phase will follow this vascular phase very quickly. In patients with severe renal dysfunction, this may be the only opportunity to see the kidneys. In the dog, the normal kidney has a small, triangle-shaped pelvic sinus and evenly spaced, regular pelvic recesses, or diverticula. The lobar renal arteries, the first branches from the renal arteries, may be seen as linear radiolucencies lying between the paired pelvic recesses. In many normal dogs, the diverticula may not be readily apparent on the EU. In instances when it is necessary to visualize the diverticula, or when overall opacification of the kidney is poor, it may be useful to apply a tight, constricting bandage circumferentially *References 23, 26, 37, 415, 416, 419, 468-473.
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SAUNDERS An Imprint of Elsevier Sci
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C H A P T E R O N E Introduction GE
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Chapter One Introduction 3 Fig. 1-1
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metal. Soft tissues or organs surro
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Inadequate penetration will result
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Chapter One Introduction 9 signal i
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Chapter One Introduction 11 previou
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Chapter One Introduction 13 Mach ba
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Chapter One Introduction 15 malitie
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Chapter One Introduction 17 indicat
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Chapter One Introduction 19 Fig. 1-
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Chapter One Introduction 21 Fig. 1-
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Chapter One Introduction 23 24. Lev
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26 Small Animal Radiolo g y and Ult
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A B C Fig. 2-63 A 10-year-old male
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100 Small Animal Radiolo g y and Ul
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Fig. 2-101 A 7-year-old male mixed
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Page 319 and 320: 318 Small Animal Radiolo g y and Ul
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Fig. 3-234 A 7-year-old female Brit
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Fig. 4-59 A 9-year-old female Russi
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Fig. 4-73 A 2-year-old female Saint
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Fig. 4-97 A 10-year-old male mixed
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Fig. 4-107 A 4-year-old male Chow C
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I N D E X A Abdomen, abnormal prese
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Index 729 Bone, cysts of, 525-527,
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Index 731 Ear, abscess of—cont’
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Index 733 Hydrocephalus—cont’d
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Index 735 Lungs. See also Pulmonary
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Index 737 Pregnancy, determination
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Index 739 S-shaped aortic deformity
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Small Animal Radiology and Ultrasound: A Diagnostic Atlas and Text

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