Small Animal Radiology and Ultrasound: A Diagnostic Atlas and Text

Chapter Two The Thorax 55
Table 2-1 Normal Echocardiographic Values in Cats
MENSURAL (N = 11) (N = 25) (N = 30) NG (N = 30) ‡ (N = 16) ‡
LVEDD (cm) 1.51 ± 0.21 * 1.48 ± 0.26 * 1.59 ± 0.19 * 1.10 – 1.60 † 1.40 ± 0.13 * 1.28 ± 0.17 *
LVESD (cm) 0.69 ± 0.22 0.88 ± 0.24 0.80 ± 0.14 0.60 – 1.00 0.81 ± 0.16 0.83 ± 0.15
Ao (cm) 0.95 ± 0.15 0.75 ± 0.18 0.95 ± 0.11 0.65 – 1.10 0.94 ± 0.11 0.94 ± 0.14
LA (cm) 1.21 ± 0.18 0.74 ± 0.17 1.23 ± 0.14 0.85 – 1.25 1.03 ± 0.14 0.98 ± 0.17
LA/Ao (cm) 1.29 ± 0.23 — 1.30 ± 0.17 0.80 – 1.30 12.10 ± 0.18 —
IVSED (cm) 0.50 ± 0.07 0.45 ± 0.09 0.31 ± 0.04 0.25 – 0.50 0.36 ± 0.08 —
IVSES (cm) 0.76 ± 0.12 — 0.58 ± 0.06 0.50 – 0.90 — —
LVWED (cm) 0.46 ± 0.05 0.37 ± 0.08 0.33 ± 0.06 0.25 – 0.50 0.35 ± 0.05 0.31 ± 0.11
LVWES (cm) 0.78 ± 0.10 0.68 ± 0.07 0.40 – 0.90 — 0.55 ± 0.88 —
RVED (cm) 0.54 ± 0.10 — 0.60 ± 0.15 — 0.50 ± 0.21 —
LVWA (cm) 0.50 ± 0.07 — — — — 0.32 ± 0.11
EPSS (cm) 0.04 ± 0.07 — 0.02 ± 0.09 — — —
AA (cm) 0.36 ± 0.10 — — — — —
MVEFS 54.4 ± 13.4 — 87.2 ± 25.9 — — 83.78 ±
23.81
(mm/sec)
DD% (%) 55.0 ± 10.2 41.0 ± 7.3 49.3 ± 5.3 29 – 35 42.7 ± 8.1 34.5 ± 12.6
LVWT (%) 39.5 ± 7.6 — — — — —
IVST (%) 33.5 ± 8.2 — — — — —
HR 182 ± 22 167 ± 29 194 ± 23 — 255 ± 36 —
(beats/min)
WT (kg) 4.3 ± 0.5 4.7 ± 1.2 4.1 ± 1.1 — 3.91 ± 1.2 —
* Mean ± SD.
† Usual range.
‡ Cats anesthetized with ketamine.
N, Number of cats in study; NG, information not given; LVEDD, left ventricular end-diastolic diameter; LVESD,
left ventricular end-systolic diameter; Ao, aorta; LA, left atrium; LA/Ao, left atrium-to-aortic root ratio; IVSED,
interventricular septum at end diastole; IVSES, interventricular septum at end systole; LVWED, left ventricular
wall at end diastole; LVWES, left ventricular wall at end systole; RVED, right ventricular diameter at end diastole;
LVWA, left ventricular wall amplitude; EPSS, E-point septal separation; AA, aortic amplitude; MVEFS, mitral
valve E-F slope; DD%, fractional shortening; LVWT, left ventricular wall thickening; IVST, interventricular septal
thickening; HR, heart rate; WT, weight.
From Moise NS: Echocardiography. In Fox PR, ed: Canine and feline cardiology. Churchill Livingstone, New York,
1988; p 27.
Fig. 2-24 Diagrammatic representations of the normal appearance of
the right parasternal short-axis views. RA, Right atrium; TV, tricuspid
valves; RV, right ventricle; LA, left atrium; MV, mitral valves; LV, left
ventricle; CH, chordae tendineae; APM, anterior papillary muscle;
PPM, posterior papillary muscle; VS, interventricular septum; LVW, left
ventricular free wall; AO, aorta; LC, left coronary cusp; RC, right coronary
cusp; NC, noncoronary cusp; LPA, left pulmonary artery; RPA,
right pulmonary artery; CaVC, caudal vena cava. (From Thomas WP,
Gaber CE, Jacobs GJ, et al: Recommendation for standards in transthoracic
two-dimensional echocardiography in the dog and cat. J Vet
Intern Med 1993; 7:250.)