Small Animal Radiology and Ultrasound: A Diagnostic Atlas and Text

Chapter Four The Appendicular Skeleton 593
Fig. 4-147 A 4-year-old male
Rottweiler with chronic, intermittent
fever and swelling in the left axilla.
Longitudinal sonograms reveal an
oval, hypoechoic mass (lymph node)
in the left axilla. This lymphadenopathy
could be neoplastic or
inflammatory. Diagnosis: Axillary
lymphadenopathy secondary to
chronic infection.
F O R E I G N M AT T E R
Ultrasonography has been used extensively for localization of soft-tissue foreign objects in
large animals. It has been used occasionally in small animals. 700 Most foreign bodies will
be hyperechoic and will exhibit distal shadowing.
VASCULAR AND LYMPHATIC ABNORMALITIES
Vascular abnormalities in the limbs can result in both swelling and lameness. Although
aneurysms are possible, they are very uncommon. However, arteriovenous fistulas do occur
occasionally. 701-703 Abnormal communications between arteries and veins may be identified
sonographically. Doppler studies may identify turbulent flow. The fistulas can be congenital
or acquired and usually require angiographic evaluation to clarify their origin and extent.
Arterial occlusion is a problem that is seen most often in cats with cardiomyopathy. An
obstruction to flow may be seen with either two-dimensional or color-flow studies. The
most common site of occlusion is at the iliac bifurcation, but other sites may be affected
including the subclavian arteries. 704 Arterial occlusion has also been reported in Cavalier
King Charles Spaniels at the level of the femoral artery. 705
Lymphedema, the accumulation of tissue fluid, is a lymphatic venous problem that may
be identified. It has a complex differential diagnosis. 706-708 Thin, linear areas of anechoic fluid
may be identified sonographically between structures such as muscles and tendons.
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