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economic sanctions, only acted to accelerate the extent to which Turkish-Cypriots created and developed their own institutions. By the time both Government policies were abandoned, any Turkish-Cypriots who believed in the expediency of economic co-operation with Greek-Cypriots, were increasingly marginalised. The relaxation of the sanctions allowed the Turkish-Cypriot leadership to co-ordinate the development of their separate economy, re-enforcing links with the "mainland" and integrating the separate economy which the force of circumstances had helped to create. Some analysis of the only available early economic statistics Progress in the Turkish-Cypriot community in the short period when the 1960 Constitution was functioning was dramatic, according to one of the few surviving "officiai" records 81 . The economic performance of the infant economy in general was successful but, for the Turkish-Cypriot community, coming from a lower base, it was their most successful period of sustained growth in terms of per capita income. 8l "Provisional Turkish Administration". 1970. The Economy of Cvprus and the Turkish Cvpriot Community Nicosia: Turkish Planning Organisation, pp.7-10, (written by Ozalp Sarica). 151
Figure 3.2 Thepossible economic effects of the 1963politicai crisis on Turkish- Cyprìots: est. T. Cyprìot GNP in 1991 US $ m. 1960-73. As is evident in the statistics above, a sudden drop in Turkish-Cypriot income followed the politicai failures of the Republic of Cyprus to establish an independent national identity. Economic activity in the enclaves regressed, with a meagre subsistence provided largely by Turkish aid. "...since 1963 the Turkish sector has failed to share in the rising prosperity of the rest of the island. Turkish unemployment is high, and average incomes have fallen by at least one half. " 82 The data above was largely derived from estimates and assumptions generated for politicai purposes: to outline the "debts of the Greek-Cypriot Community" as a bargaining chip in the protracted discussions over the terms and the relative benefits of the (UN sponsored) Confidence Building Measures (CBMs). However, they are 82 Hald 1968. op. cit. y p. 48. A UN economist cited above, estimated tiiat wliilst Turkish Cyprìot per capita was 20% lower than Greek Cyprìot's before the catastrophe of December 1963, by 1971 the gap was considerably wider with a 50% respective difference. Rudolph N. 1973. "Economic Integration on Cyprus", paper presented at "An Enquiry into the Resolution of the Cyprus Problem" seminar, held at the Centre for Mediterranean Studies, Rome, 19-24/11/1973, quoted in Attalides 1977. op. cit., p. 88. 152
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to th
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ABSTRACT This thesis examines the e
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Table Of Contents Page Change in ec
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List Of Figures 2.27 Revenue from t
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List Of Figures 5.25 Main destinati
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List Of Figures 7.8 The degree of o
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List Of Tables 6.7 All island, Gree
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This thesis will examine the econom
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Vassiliou's classic work 5 publishe
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As many questions raised by economi
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Figure 1.1 The structure of recent
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In terms of the topic of this thesi
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political landmark coincides with a
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were the mechanisms which encourage
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however, Chapter 5 concentrates on
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Defining the title The first priori
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such? Is northern Cyprus simply run
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unlike Greece in 1923, were already
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itself as having been literally und
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economic history, Christodoulou's s
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incurred as a resuit of eonfl ict.
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Christodoulou has concentrated his
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any credit for successful economic
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anking technology, administrative c
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(which usually has a regressive imp
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contribution did labour remittances
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having been inspired by Zetter's in
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econstruction also provided a means
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Conclusion In analysing the extent
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he drew distinct analogies with the
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in Cyprus. The main objective is a
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The war proved a watershed in many
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Uruguay, Japan, Trinidad and Tobago
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financial, property and business se
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By 1960 exports represented over 20
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Table 2.1 Domestic Exports FOB in 1
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the period (1960-73), the différen
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Figure 2.4 Principal exports as a p
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producing 12% of GDP. Tourism (rest
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considerably more than Turkey, whos
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income. Mining and quarrying (now m
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Figure 2.10 Principal exports as a
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Figure 2.12 The Destination of the
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Figure 2.14 Ambiguous indicators: T
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Figure 2.15 Sìze of manufacturing
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By 1980 the economy of the Republic
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The scale of the disruption in the
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Whether taking the optimists approa
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financing from financial markets pi
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grew rapidly. In the immediate afte
Page 101 and 102: One of the major problems facing th
Page 103 and 104: coming, only concerning policy make
Page 105 and 106: with particular bottlenecks affecti
Page 107 and 108: "We attributed this finding to the
Page 109 and 110: aiding the recovery from the coup a
Page 111 and 112: employment: rapidly rising real ear
Page 113 and 114: Until the intervention of public fi
Page 115 and 116: to pick the Republic of Cyprus as t
Page 117 and 118: of offshore companies registered in
Page 119 and 120: Figure 2.27 Revenue from the offsho
Page 121 and 122: Figure 2.29 The changing compositio
Page 123 and 124: The structure of the economy, the c
Page 125 and 126: CHAPTER 3. The foundations of Takis
Page 127 and 128: Famagusta enclaves would be over-ru
Page 129 and 130: The historical context of separate
Page 131 and 132: generally concentrated in the lower
Page 133 and 134: agreed Constitution. Seemingly Clar
Page 135 and 136: séparation of the communities bega
Page 137 and 138: UN. 37 Some additional supplies mus
Page 139 and 140: Seemingly, by 1970 the Nicosia encl
Page 141 and 142: was made on the basis of a fixed in
Page 143 and 144: derived from Turkish transfer payme
Page 145 and 146: Patrick has offered a more complica
Page 147 and 148: spare parts and maintenance materia
Page 149 and 150: Emphasising the growing divisions b
Page 151: Chamber, Rauf Denktash, said people
Page 155 and 156: produced by them rises significantl
Page 157 and 158: Committee" was the area military co
Page 159 and 160: February 1975 the latter bodies set
Page 161 and 162: The first five-year pian, published
Page 163 and 164: CHAPTER 4. The construction of a Tu
Page 165 and 166: Whilst the Turkish-Cypriot leadersh
Page 167 and 168: of supply, and/or marketing, in key
Page 169 and 170: shipment of 2000 tons of foodstuffs
Page 171 and 172: Eti still operateci out of Nicosia,
Page 173 and 174: institutions in northern Cyprus amo
Page 175 and 176: with multipurpose co-operatives, a
Page 177 and 178: A few new co-operatives were formed
Page 179 and 180: loans. Savings Banks do have access
Page 181 and 182: espectively. The Famagusta branch w
Page 183 and 184: Cypriot) Government in the 1960s, t
Page 185 and 186: increasing costs 31 . This is perha
Page 187 and 188: packages imported raffinate, supply
Page 189 and 190: a monopoly respectively. Where ther
Page 191 and 192: Evkaf is an Islamic organisation fo
Page 193 and 194: Evkaf had a largely obscure economi
Page 195 and 196: Meanwhile a little noticed phenomen
Page 197 and 198: After the summer of 1974, the Turki
Page 199 and 200: monitored Ledra Place check-point,
Page 201 and 202: the early eighties, when Turkish ar
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Figure 4.3 Number of tourists from
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the situation that had existed prio
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stay arrivais or diminish with the
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competing with the longer establish
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flexibility of family business stru
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Ltd., Turkish-Cypriots eventually g
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dominateci by: textiles, footwear a
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force of national cohésion, change
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Figure 4.9 Main Citrus Exporters in
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Ismail Bozkurt (who secured 32.1% o
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Table 4.9 Citrus exports from north
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Ultimately the failure to act on pr
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CHAFTER 5: Re-establishing economic
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prospects of their respective de fa
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Figure 5.1 Change in Cypriot GDP as
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{0 perceive the de facto situation
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Turkey maintains that her objective
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parliament during the unstable peri
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case study, he argues that given en
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Specifically, it is analysis of nat
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imports (Figure 5.5). The extent to
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(which includes the increasingly im
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If "a leading sector in the process
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Just to put minds at rest that manu
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encouraged private sector action, t
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Figure 5.13 Gross domestic fixed ca
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major economic force, one that was
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they account for around a third of
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dominates international transfer pa
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a "development resource" 54 , rathe
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able to spearhead a revival aided,
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path, policy objectives moved to co
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overwhelming dependence on a genera
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In the difficult times that followe
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independence from total Turkish fin
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Figure 5.20 Orange production as a
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e exchanged for new "TRNC" (or, as
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Unlike the vineyards where most of
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Although not important in the initi
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Having said this, constant improvem
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compensation arrangements in the no
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some of the labour intensive stages
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Figure 5.24 Proportion of citrus ex
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to treat exports from the whole of
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seem more politically motivateci an
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Figure 6.1 Percentage change in GNP
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initially. The more immediate probl
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historical phenomena (large externa
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It has been argued that if politics
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share of National Income to somethi
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Figure 6.6 Communal income in 1980,
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Selecting peers as proxies for pan-
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growth potential to Cyprus in 1960,
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was that compatible data should be
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Figure 6.9 Micro Economies; average
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Figure 6.11 Micro Economies; averag
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Figure 6.13 The level of government
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Figure 6.14 "More Developed Medìte
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Figure 6.17 "More DevelopedMediterr
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Cypriot growth rate, should not dis
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Figure 6.22 Structure of production
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Figure 6.26 Degree of openness in t
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economic growth 49 (variables 6-9:
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implication, developmental différe
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spectrum in 1980 at 38%. Perhaps le
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namely investment rates 54 (in phys
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instruments, the justification for
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Figure 6.28 Average annual growth i
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Figure 6.29 How Cyprusfared in 1980
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Figure 6.30 Total Cypriot income 19
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o.zö; may reveai someimng 01 ine e
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developments elsewhere. The relativ
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unified economy) of 1963, Cyprus is
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CHAPTER 7. Conclusion 348 Comparati
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Turkish-Cypriot economy stagnateci.
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So it is worth looking again at the
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stand out however, revealing enough
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Figure 7.3 Gross domestic investmen
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Figure 7.5 "TRNC netforeign trade a
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Figure 7.8 The degree of openness i
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control. There seems to be ampie ex
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The role of tourism in the economic
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seem to be able to grow in line wit
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Comparisons throughout this thesis
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The Cyprus Mail Hellenic Group. Nic
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I.M.F. International Financial Stat
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1982. Fourth Emergency Economic Act
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"Turkish Federated State of Kibris"
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leadership of the two communities o
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"administrations" and key economic
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Bicak, H.A. (June) 1990. "The Impac
Page 385 and 386:
Hudson, J. and Dyniotou-Jensen M. 1
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Mcdonald, R. 1989. The Problem of C
Page 389 and 390:
Solsten, E. (ed.) 1993. Cvprus: A c
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