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List Of Figures Page 1.1 The structure of recent history as viewed by the Greek and 20 Turkish-Cypriot authorities. 2.1 Employment by main sector in 1960. 65 2.2 Composition of GDP by main sector in 1960 (current prices). 66 2.3 Principal exports as a proportion of the total value of domestic 69 exports in 1957. 2.4 Principal exports as a proportion of the total value of domestic 74 exports in 1968. 2.5 Employment by main sector in 1970. 75 2.6 Composition of GDP by main sector in 1970 (current prices). 76 2.7 Employment by main sector in 1980. 79 2.8 Composition of GDP by main sector in 1980 (current prices). 80 2.9 The composition of exports from Cyprus, 1956-1987. 81 2.10 Principal exports as a proportion of the total value of domestic 82 exports in 1980. 2.11 Exports to the Middle East as a ratio of imports from the région. 83 2.12 The Destination of the Republics Exports, 1971, 1977, 1984: 84 2.13 Trade disruption; the effect of the war on trade flows. 85 2.14 Ambiguous indicators: The war was associated with a réduction in 86 the visible trade deficit. 2.15 Size of manufacturing establishment by numbers employed, 1967- 88 1989. 2.16 Ratio of receipts from tourism to total export earnings. 90 2.17 Gainfully employed by broad sector in the Rep. of Cyprus 1960 - 91 1991. 2.18 Changes in the composition of external financing (% of total), 95 compared with changes in total debt (debt outstanding & dispersed - DOD) as a % of GNP. 2.19 The total tax bürden as a percentage of GDP 1970-91. 97 2.20 Unemployment in the Republic of Cyprus, 1960-1974. 99 2.21 The impact of politicai events reflected in the level of émigration 101 from Cyprus, 1956-88. 2.22 Women as a % of total non-farm employment. 104 2.23 Short run conséquences of war on industriai relations. 109 2.24 Income per tourist in constant 1980 prices, 1980-1993. 114 2.25 The growth of other invisibles; the number of offshore companies 116 registered in Cyprus, 1976-1994. 2.26 Gross foreign exchange revenue from the offshore sector. 117 5
List Of Figures 2.27 Revenue from the offshore sector as a % of export revenue, 1985 118 to 1993. 2.28 Invisible changes; revenue from the offshore sector as a % of 119 revenue from tourism, 1985 to 1993. 2.29 The changing composition of foreign exchange earnings, 1985 to 120 1993. 3.1 Areas under Turkish-Cypriot control, 1964 and 1970. 137 3.2 The possible economie effects of the 1963 politicai crisis on 152 Turkish-Cypriots: est. T. Cypriot GNP in 1991 US $ m. 1960-73. 4.1 Profit & loss accounts of the various activities of the Cyprus 187 Turkish Co-operative Central Bank, 1984-1993. 4.2 Revenue from tourism in northern Cyprus as a % of GNP and 199 export earnings (at producer prices). 4.3 Number of tourists from countries other than Turkey visiting 202 northern Cyprus, 1976 - 1990. 4.4 The value of trade in the "TRNC" represented as a percentage of 205 GDP. 4.5 Manufacturing employment & output as a % of total employment 210 & GDP in the north. 4.6 Manufacturing employment & output as a % of total employment 211 & GDP in the south. 4.7 Manufacturing exports as % of total exports from the northern 213 Cyprus. 4.8 Composition of Turkish-Cypriot citrus exporting companies in the 217 1974/75 season. 4.9 Main Citrus Exporters in the 1981/82 season. 218 4.10 Main Citrus Exporters in the 1983/84 Season. 219 4.11 Main Citrus Exporters in the 1989/90 Season. 219 4.12 Main Citrus Exporters in the 1993/94 Season. 220 5.1 Change in Cypriot GDP as a conséquence of the 1963/4 civil war 230 (in constant 1963 US $). 5.2 Ethnie distribution of changes in (real) Cypriot GNP after the 231 1974 hostilities. 5.3 Sectoral distribution of GDP using factor costs (Zetter's data set). 240 Page 6
Page 1 and 2: ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to th
Page 3 and 4: ABSTRACT This thesis examines the e
Page 5: Table Of Contents Page Change in ec
Page 9 and 10: List Of Figures 5.25 Main destinati
Page 11 and 12: List Of Figures 7.8 The degree of o
Page 13 and 14: List Of Tables 6.7 All island, Gree
Page 15 and 16: This thesis will examine the econom
Page 17 and 18: Vassiliou's classic work 5 publishe
Page 19 and 20: As many questions raised by economi
Page 21 and 22: Figure 1.1 The structure of recent
Page 23 and 24: In terms of the topic of this thesi
Page 25 and 26: political landmark coincides with a
Page 27 and 28: were the mechanisms which encourage
Page 29 and 30: however, Chapter 5 concentrates on
Page 31 and 32: Defining the title The first priori
Page 33 and 34: such? Is northern Cyprus simply run
Page 35 and 36: unlike Greece in 1923, were already
Page 37 and 38: itself as having been literally und
Page 39 and 40: economic history, Christodoulou's s
Page 41 and 42: incurred as a resuit of eonfl ict.
Page 43 and 44: Christodoulou has concentrated his
Page 45 and 46: any credit for successful economic
Page 47 and 48: anking technology, administrative c
Page 49 and 50: (which usually has a regressive imp
Page 51 and 52: contribution did labour remittances
Page 53 and 54: having been inspired by Zetter's in
Page 55 and 56: econstruction also provided a means
Page 57 and 58:
Conclusion In analysing the extent
Page 59 and 60:
he drew distinct analogies with the
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in Cyprus. The main objective is a
Page 63 and 64:
The war proved a watershed in many
Page 65 and 66:
Uruguay, Japan, Trinidad and Tobago
Page 67 and 68:
financial, property and business se
Page 69 and 70:
By 1960 exports represented over 20
Page 71 and 72:
Table 2.1 Domestic Exports FOB in 1
Page 73 and 74:
the period (1960-73), the différen
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Figure 2.4 Principal exports as a p
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producing 12% of GDP. Tourism (rest
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considerably more than Turkey, whos
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income. Mining and quarrying (now m
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Figure 2.10 Principal exports as a
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Figure 2.12 The Destination of the
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Figure 2.14 Ambiguous indicators: T
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Figure 2.15 Sìze of manufacturing
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By 1980 the economy of the Republic
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The scale of the disruption in the
Page 95 and 96:
Whether taking the optimists approa
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financing from financial markets pi
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grew rapidly. In the immediate afte
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One of the major problems facing th
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coming, only concerning policy make
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with particular bottlenecks affecti
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"We attributed this finding to the
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aiding the recovery from the coup a
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employment: rapidly rising real ear
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Until the intervention of public fi
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to pick the Republic of Cyprus as t
Page 117 and 118:
of offshore companies registered in
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Figure 2.27 Revenue from the offsho
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Figure 2.29 The changing compositio
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The structure of the economy, the c
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CHAPTER 3. The foundations of Takis
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Famagusta enclaves would be over-ru
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The historical context of separate
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generally concentrated in the lower
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agreed Constitution. Seemingly Clar
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séparation of the communities bega
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UN. 37 Some additional supplies mus
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Seemingly, by 1970 the Nicosia encl
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was made on the basis of a fixed in
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derived from Turkish transfer payme
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Patrick has offered a more complica
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spare parts and maintenance materia
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Emphasising the growing divisions b
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Chamber, Rauf Denktash, said people
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Figure 3.2 Thepossible economic eff
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produced by them rises significantl
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Committee" was the area military co
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February 1975 the latter bodies set
Page 161 and 162:
The first five-year pian, published
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CHAPTER 4. The construction of a Tu
Page 165 and 166:
Whilst the Turkish-Cypriot leadersh
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of supply, and/or marketing, in key
Page 169 and 170:
shipment of 2000 tons of foodstuffs
Page 171 and 172:
Eti still operateci out of Nicosia,
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institutions in northern Cyprus amo
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with multipurpose co-operatives, a
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A few new co-operatives were formed
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loans. Savings Banks do have access
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espectively. The Famagusta branch w
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Cypriot) Government in the 1960s, t
Page 185 and 186:
increasing costs 31 . This is perha
Page 187 and 188:
packages imported raffinate, supply
Page 189 and 190:
a monopoly respectively. Where ther
Page 191 and 192:
Evkaf is an Islamic organisation fo
Page 193 and 194:
Evkaf had a largely obscure economi
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Meanwhile a little noticed phenomen
Page 197 and 198:
After the summer of 1974, the Turki
Page 199 and 200:
monitored Ledra Place check-point,
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the early eighties, when Turkish ar
Page 203 and 204:
Figure 4.3 Number of tourists from
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the situation that had existed prio
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stay arrivais or diminish with the
Page 209 and 210:
competing with the longer establish
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flexibility of family business stru
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Ltd., Turkish-Cypriots eventually g
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dominateci by: textiles, footwear a
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force of national cohésion, change
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Figure 4.9 Main Citrus Exporters in
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Ismail Bozkurt (who secured 32.1% o
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Table 4.9 Citrus exports from north
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Ultimately the failure to act on pr
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CHAFTER 5: Re-establishing economic
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prospects of their respective de fa
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Figure 5.1 Change in Cypriot GDP as
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{0 perceive the de facto situation
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Turkey maintains that her objective
Page 237 and 238:
parliament during the unstable peri
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case study, he argues that given en
Page 241 and 242:
Specifically, it is analysis of nat
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imports (Figure 5.5). The extent to
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(which includes the increasingly im
Page 247 and 248:
If "a leading sector in the process
Page 249 and 250:
Just to put minds at rest that manu
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encouraged private sector action, t
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Figure 5.13 Gross domestic fixed ca
Page 255 and 256:
major economic force, one that was
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they account for around a third of
Page 259 and 260:
dominates international transfer pa
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a "development resource" 54 , rathe
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able to spearhead a revival aided,
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path, policy objectives moved to co
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overwhelming dependence on a genera
Page 269 and 270:
In the difficult times that followe
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independence from total Turkish fin
Page 273 and 274:
Figure 5.20 Orange production as a
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e exchanged for new "TRNC" (or, as
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Unlike the vineyards where most of
Page 279 and 280:
Although not important in the initi
Page 281 and 282:
Having said this, constant improvem
Page 283 and 284:
compensation arrangements in the no
Page 285 and 286:
some of the labour intensive stages
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Figure 5.24 Proportion of citrus ex
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to treat exports from the whole of
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seem more politically motivateci an
Page 293 and 294:
Figure 6.1 Percentage change in GNP
Page 295 and 296:
initially. The more immediate probl
Page 297 and 298:
historical phenomena (large externa
Page 299 and 300:
It has been argued that if politics
Page 301 and 302:
share of National Income to somethi
Page 303 and 304:
Figure 6.6 Communal income in 1980,
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Selecting peers as proxies for pan-
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growth potential to Cyprus in 1960,
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was that compatible data should be
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Figure 6.9 Micro Economies; average
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Figure 6.11 Micro Economies; averag
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Figure 6.13 The level of government
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Figure 6.14 "More Developed Medìte
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Figure 6.17 "More DevelopedMediterr
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Cypriot growth rate, should not dis
Page 323 and 324:
Figure 6.22 Structure of production
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Figure 6.26 Degree of openness in t
Page 327 and 328:
economic growth 49 (variables 6-9:
Page 329 and 330:
implication, developmental différe
Page 331 and 332:
spectrum in 1980 at 38%. Perhaps le
Page 333 and 334:
namely investment rates 54 (in phys
Page 335 and 336:
instruments, the justification for
Page 337 and 338:
Figure 6.28 Average annual growth i
Page 339 and 340:
Figure 6.29 How Cyprusfared in 1980
Page 341 and 342:
Figure 6.30 Total Cypriot income 19
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o.zö; may reveai someimng 01 ine e
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developments elsewhere. The relativ
Page 347 and 348:
unified economy) of 1963, Cyprus is
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CHAPTER 7. Conclusion 348 Comparati
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Turkish-Cypriot economy stagnateci.
Page 353 and 354:
So it is worth looking again at the
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stand out however, revealing enough
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Figure 7.3 Gross domestic investmen
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Figure 7.5 "TRNC netforeign trade a
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Figure 7.8 The degree of openness i
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control. There seems to be ampie ex
Page 365 and 366:
The role of tourism in the economic
Page 367 and 368:
seem to be able to grow in line wit
Page 369 and 370:
Comparisons throughout this thesis
Page 371 and 372:
The Cyprus Mail Hellenic Group. Nic
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I.M.F. International Financial Stat
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1982. Fourth Emergency Economic Act
Page 377 and 378:
"Turkish Federated State of Kibris"
Page 379 and 380:
leadership of the two communities o
Page 381 and 382:
"administrations" and key economic
Page 383 and 384:
Bicak, H.A. (June) 1990. "The Impac
Page 385 and 386:
Hudson, J. and Dyniotou-Jensen M. 1
Page 387 and 388:
Mcdonald, R. 1989. The Problem of C
Page 389 and 390:
Solsten, E. (ed.) 1993. Cvprus: A c
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