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In this example, the growth potential in costs cannot seriously be challenged until refugee status has been removed, either by repatriation or a change in government and/or public attitudes. As the growth of the permanent refugee population has grown from 162,000 in 1974 to 209,000 in 1990 39 , it has proved difficult for a politicai party to seil waiving the right to return. As long as there are refugees and a refugee lobby, no party could afford tampering with refugee provisions when définitions of refugee status cover a third of the population. Democratic constraints are not the only barrier; with no refugees there is less of a Cyprus problem. Officially described as "displaced persons" (UNHCR) 40 the 40% of the population made "refugees" by Turkish military intervention, represent the most powerful argument for the re-unification of the island. An important element of the 'siege mentality', this time from perceived threats from within, was alluded to by Peter Loizos 41 . He argues that "institutionalised generosity" was necessary to prevent mass social unrest. The events of 1974 necessitated a rapid expansion of welfare provision. "Welfare-socialist" policies 42 were drawn up to prevent a recurrence of the conséquences of the Asia Minor disaster (mass starvation, the rise of the left) from affecting Cyprus where the left, 39 Republic of Cyprus 1994. The Cvprus Diarv 1994. Nicosia: Press and Information Office, p. 14. 40 United Nations High Commission for Refugees. Because Cypriot "refiugees" (in Greek prosfiyon) remained within the borders of their country of nationality they are consider "displaced persons"(Geneva Convention and Protocol, 1951 / 1967). 41 Loizos 1981. op. cit., p. 135. 42 zm, p. 136. 33
unlike Greece in 1923, were already strong and highly organised. Going by contemporary reports, these policies were successful: The military bisection of Cyprus and the mass uprooting did not, strangely, cause any political upheaval. People voted in the post-invasion election in much the same way as in the one before. The social consequences have been much more marked. 43 Politically, the 'siege mentality' predates Turkish intervention. Because of the dominance of the "national issue", before 1978 there was only one contested multiparty presidential election, and that was the one supervised by a departing British colonial administration 44 . In the nominally contested 1968 presidential election, the extreme nationalist, "protest" candidate, Takis Evdokas, received 3.7% of the popular vote. With a voter participation rate of well over 90%, the incumbent President and former popular resistance leader, Archbishop Makarios, was reelected with 95.45% electoral support. He had secured the support of both communists and nationalists and prevented the emergence of political parties. In fact all the left and an overwhelming majority of the right, had re-elected the amorphous Patriotic Front candidate. The constitutionally scheduled 1973 election was not contested. After the death of Makarios in August 1977, the transitional Presidency of Spyros Kyprianou inherited an increasingly fractious government of "national unity" (the Patriotic Front having been forced to split into political parties in 1969). A decade later, George Vassiliou provided a change from broadly consensus 43 The Economist, 27th August, 1977, "Miracle in Half an Island", p.51. 44 Mayes S. 1981. Makarios: A Biographv. London: Macmillan, p.143. 34
Page 1 and 2: ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to th
Page 3 and 4: ABSTRACT This thesis examines the e
Page 5 and 6: Table Of Contents Page Change in ec
Page 7 and 8: List Of Figures 2.27 Revenue from t
Page 9 and 10: List Of Figures 5.25 Main destinati
Page 11 and 12: List Of Figures 7.8 The degree of o
Page 13 and 14: List Of Tables 6.7 All island, Gree
Page 15 and 16: This thesis will examine the econom
Page 17 and 18: Vassiliou's classic work 5 publishe
Page 19 and 20: As many questions raised by economi
Page 21 and 22: Figure 1.1 The structure of recent
Page 23 and 24: In terms of the topic of this thesi
Page 25 and 26: political landmark coincides with a
Page 27 and 28: were the mechanisms which encourage
Page 29 and 30: however, Chapter 5 concentrates on
Page 31 and 32: Defining the title The first priori
Page 33: such? Is northern Cyprus simply run
Page 37 and 38: itself as having been literally und
Page 39 and 40: economic history, Christodoulou's s
Page 41 and 42: incurred as a resuit of eonfl ict.
Page 43 and 44: Christodoulou has concentrated his
Page 45 and 46: any credit for successful economic
Page 47 and 48: anking technology, administrative c
Page 49 and 50: (which usually has a regressive imp
Page 51 and 52: contribution did labour remittances
Page 53 and 54: having been inspired by Zetter's in
Page 55 and 56: econstruction also provided a means
Page 57 and 58: Conclusion In analysing the extent
Page 59 and 60: he drew distinct analogies with the
Page 61 and 62: in Cyprus. The main objective is a
Page 63 and 64: The war proved a watershed in many
Page 65 and 66: Uruguay, Japan, Trinidad and Tobago
Page 67 and 68: financial, property and business se
Page 69 and 70: By 1960 exports represented over 20
Page 71 and 72: Table 2.1 Domestic Exports FOB in 1
Page 73 and 74: the period (1960-73), the différen
Page 75 and 76: Figure 2.4 Principal exports as a p
Page 77 and 78: producing 12% of GDP. Tourism (rest
Page 79 and 80: considerably more than Turkey, whos
Page 81 and 82: income. Mining and quarrying (now m
Page 83 and 84: Figure 2.10 Principal exports as a
Page 85 and 86:
Figure 2.12 The Destination of the
Page 87 and 88:
Figure 2.14 Ambiguous indicators: T
Page 89 and 90:
Figure 2.15 Sìze of manufacturing
Page 91 and 92:
By 1980 the economy of the Republic
Page 93 and 94:
The scale of the disruption in the
Page 95 and 96:
Whether taking the optimists approa
Page 97 and 98:
financing from financial markets pi
Page 99 and 100:
grew rapidly. In the immediate afte
Page 101 and 102:
One of the major problems facing th
Page 103 and 104:
coming, only concerning policy make
Page 105 and 106:
with particular bottlenecks affecti
Page 107 and 108:
"We attributed this finding to the
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aiding the recovery from the coup a
Page 111 and 112:
employment: rapidly rising real ear
Page 113 and 114:
Until the intervention of public fi
Page 115 and 116:
to pick the Republic of Cyprus as t
Page 117 and 118:
of offshore companies registered in
Page 119 and 120:
Figure 2.27 Revenue from the offsho
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Figure 2.29 The changing compositio
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The structure of the economy, the c
Page 125 and 126:
CHAPTER 3. The foundations of Takis
Page 127 and 128:
Famagusta enclaves would be over-ru
Page 129 and 130:
The historical context of separate
Page 131 and 132:
generally concentrated in the lower
Page 133 and 134:
agreed Constitution. Seemingly Clar
Page 135 and 136:
séparation of the communities bega
Page 137 and 138:
UN. 37 Some additional supplies mus
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Seemingly, by 1970 the Nicosia encl
Page 141 and 142:
was made on the basis of a fixed in
Page 143 and 144:
derived from Turkish transfer payme
Page 145 and 146:
Patrick has offered a more complica
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spare parts and maintenance materia
Page 149 and 150:
Emphasising the growing divisions b
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Chamber, Rauf Denktash, said people
Page 153 and 154:
Figure 3.2 Thepossible economic eff
Page 155 and 156:
produced by them rises significantl
Page 157 and 158:
Committee" was the area military co
Page 159 and 160:
February 1975 the latter bodies set
Page 161 and 162:
The first five-year pian, published
Page 163 and 164:
CHAPTER 4. The construction of a Tu
Page 165 and 166:
Whilst the Turkish-Cypriot leadersh
Page 167 and 168:
of supply, and/or marketing, in key
Page 169 and 170:
shipment of 2000 tons of foodstuffs
Page 171 and 172:
Eti still operateci out of Nicosia,
Page 173 and 174:
institutions in northern Cyprus amo
Page 175 and 176:
with multipurpose co-operatives, a
Page 177 and 178:
A few new co-operatives were formed
Page 179 and 180:
loans. Savings Banks do have access
Page 181 and 182:
espectively. The Famagusta branch w
Page 183 and 184:
Cypriot) Government in the 1960s, t
Page 185 and 186:
increasing costs 31 . This is perha
Page 187 and 188:
packages imported raffinate, supply
Page 189 and 190:
a monopoly respectively. Where ther
Page 191 and 192:
Evkaf is an Islamic organisation fo
Page 193 and 194:
Evkaf had a largely obscure economi
Page 195 and 196:
Meanwhile a little noticed phenomen
Page 197 and 198:
After the summer of 1974, the Turki
Page 199 and 200:
monitored Ledra Place check-point,
Page 201 and 202:
the early eighties, when Turkish ar
Page 203 and 204:
Figure 4.3 Number of tourists from
Page 205 and 206:
the situation that had existed prio
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stay arrivais or diminish with the
Page 209 and 210:
competing with the longer establish
Page 211 and 212:
flexibility of family business stru
Page 213 and 214:
Ltd., Turkish-Cypriots eventually g
Page 215 and 216:
dominateci by: textiles, footwear a
Page 217 and 218:
force of national cohésion, change
Page 219 and 220:
Figure 4.9 Main Citrus Exporters in
Page 221 and 222:
Ismail Bozkurt (who secured 32.1% o
Page 223 and 224:
Table 4.9 Citrus exports from north
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Ultimately the failure to act on pr
Page 227 and 228:
CHAFTER 5: Re-establishing economic
Page 229 and 230:
prospects of their respective de fa
Page 231 and 232:
Figure 5.1 Change in Cypriot GDP as
Page 233 and 234:
{0 perceive the de facto situation
Page 235 and 236:
Turkey maintains that her objective
Page 237 and 238:
parliament during the unstable peri
Page 239 and 240:
case study, he argues that given en
Page 241 and 242:
Specifically, it is analysis of nat
Page 243 and 244:
imports (Figure 5.5). The extent to
Page 245 and 246:
(which includes the increasingly im
Page 247 and 248:
If "a leading sector in the process
Page 249 and 250:
Just to put minds at rest that manu
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encouraged private sector action, t
Page 253 and 254:
Figure 5.13 Gross domestic fixed ca
Page 255 and 256:
major economic force, one that was
Page 257 and 258:
they account for around a third of
Page 259 and 260:
dominates international transfer pa
Page 261 and 262:
a "development resource" 54 , rathe
Page 263 and 264:
able to spearhead a revival aided,
Page 265 and 266:
path, policy objectives moved to co
Page 267 and 268:
overwhelming dependence on a genera
Page 269 and 270:
In the difficult times that followe
Page 271 and 272:
independence from total Turkish fin
Page 273 and 274:
Figure 5.20 Orange production as a
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e exchanged for new "TRNC" (or, as
Page 277 and 278:
Unlike the vineyards where most of
Page 279 and 280:
Although not important in the initi
Page 281 and 282:
Having said this, constant improvem
Page 283 and 284:
compensation arrangements in the no
Page 285 and 286:
some of the labour intensive stages
Page 287 and 288:
Figure 5.24 Proportion of citrus ex
Page 289 and 290:
to treat exports from the whole of
Page 291 and 292:
seem more politically motivateci an
Page 293 and 294:
Figure 6.1 Percentage change in GNP
Page 295 and 296:
initially. The more immediate probl
Page 297 and 298:
historical phenomena (large externa
Page 299 and 300:
It has been argued that if politics
Page 301 and 302:
share of National Income to somethi
Page 303 and 304:
Figure 6.6 Communal income in 1980,
Page 305 and 306:
Selecting peers as proxies for pan-
Page 307 and 308:
growth potential to Cyprus in 1960,
Page 309 and 310:
was that compatible data should be
Page 311 and 312:
Figure 6.9 Micro Economies; average
Page 313 and 314:
Figure 6.11 Micro Economies; averag
Page 315 and 316:
Figure 6.13 The level of government
Page 317 and 318:
Figure 6.14 "More Developed Medìte
Page 319 and 320:
Figure 6.17 "More DevelopedMediterr
Page 321 and 322:
Cypriot growth rate, should not dis
Page 323 and 324:
Figure 6.22 Structure of production
Page 325 and 326:
Figure 6.26 Degree of openness in t
Page 327 and 328:
economic growth 49 (variables 6-9:
Page 329 and 330:
implication, developmental différe
Page 331 and 332:
spectrum in 1980 at 38%. Perhaps le
Page 333 and 334:
namely investment rates 54 (in phys
Page 335 and 336:
instruments, the justification for
Page 337 and 338:
Figure 6.28 Average annual growth i
Page 339 and 340:
Figure 6.29 How Cyprusfared in 1980
Page 341 and 342:
Figure 6.30 Total Cypriot income 19
Page 343 and 344:
o.zö; may reveai someimng 01 ine e
Page 345 and 346:
developments elsewhere. The relativ
Page 347 and 348:
unified economy) of 1963, Cyprus is
Page 349 and 350:
CHAPTER 7. Conclusion 348 Comparati
Page 351 and 352:
Turkish-Cypriot economy stagnateci.
Page 353 and 354:
So it is worth looking again at the
Page 355 and 356:
stand out however, revealing enough
Page 357 and 358:
Figure 7.3 Gross domestic investmen
Page 359 and 360:
Figure 7.5 "TRNC netforeign trade a
Page 361 and 362:
Figure 7.8 The degree of openness i
Page 363 and 364:
control. There seems to be ampie ex
Page 365 and 366:
The role of tourism in the economic
Page 367 and 368:
seem to be able to grow in line wit
Page 369 and 370:
Comparisons throughout this thesis
Page 371 and 372:
The Cyprus Mail Hellenic Group. Nic
Page 373 and 374:
I.M.F. International Financial Stat
Page 375 and 376:
1982. Fourth Emergency Economic Act
Page 377 and 378:
"Turkish Federated State of Kibris"
Page 379 and 380:
leadership of the two communities o
Page 381 and 382:
"administrations" and key economic
Page 383 and 384:
Bicak, H.A. (June) 1990. "The Impac
Page 385 and 386:
Hudson, J. and Dyniotou-Jensen M. 1
Page 387 and 388:
Mcdonald, R. 1989. The Problem of C
Page 389 and 390:
Solsten, E. (ed.) 1993. Cvprus: A c
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