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unspoken spectre behind policy initiatives and the failure to adopt the new macro economic orthodoxy, despite the preferences of politicians and policy makers. "...there was general agreement that the authorities would have to play a major rôle in organising, managing and stimulating development. This consensus was more pragmatic than ideological, indeed many favoured free markets and private initiative. The problem was, however, that the market imperfections and rigidities were such that efficient outcomes would not ensue without state intervention. This was also the view of mainland Turks..." 98 The key changes in the distribution of exporters that have been highlighted above (Figures 4.8 to 4.12), derive from the data set below (Table 4.9). The large swings between the public and private sectors, which have been the subject of this section, have been relatively easily explained; however, the constant rise and fall of a plurality of small and not so small exporters, is more difficult to understand. Some of them are state and quasi state sector companies, such as Eti and the Guzelyurt Narenciyeciler Koop. They, and the other transitory exporters, seem to be exploiting alternative markets with lo wer grade produce. The large private and public concerns, Sunzest and Cypruvex, concentrated on the lucrative UK market (see Chapter 5). What is curious about the data is the rapid turn over of such companies. If there is such a prolifération of interest in exploiting more challenging markets, with cheaper produce providing lower profit margins, by small private sector opérations, why has the state continued to take the lead in the industry, (both with and without Sunzest as a unique, revenue raising proxy, with access to the London money markets)? 98 Wilson 1992. op. cit., p. 122. 221
Table 4.9 Citrus exports from northern Cyprus in metric tonnes, by main exporting company. Soorce' Aimaai Report», Agricaltnal Impedían Offke, Port of Runagusta. Muùjtry of Economy & Bmnce, Trade Section Data, "Citrus Extra ci", rAnomal] •Sominaiy Of Agriculture statuti»*, Ministiy of Agriculture, Natural Resources & Energy, north Nicosh. season 1974-7 5 1975-76 1976-77 1977-78 1978-79 1979-80 1980-81 1981-8?. 1982-83 1983-84 Cypruvex 19933 34372 56296 missing missing missing missing 61636 53997 67764 Sunzest 0 0 0 data data data data 0 0 26099 Weanvell 0 0 0 X X X X 13251 0 0 Uni-Pac 0 0 0 X X X X 2629 20946 0 KTN Pazarlama 6097 7441 0 X X X X 0 0 0 0 Shevet &Son 1000 0 0 X X X X 0 0 0 Teos 0 0 0 X X X X 0 12117 10931 Bahcivan 0 0 0 X X X X 3157 0 3766 ETI igin 0 3592 0 X X X X 0 0 0 ETI Ud 0 2510 2081 X X X X 0 0 0 Devsan 0 0 2998 X X X X 0 0 0 Ailetn 0 0 3949 X X X X 0 0 0 Sel Marketing 0 0 0 X X X X 0 0 11564 Narin 0 0 0 X X X X 11761 16162 19613 Othets 92 1192 8393 X X X X 1724 7385 6934 TOTAL 27122 49107 73717 X X X X 94158 110607 146671 season 1984-85 1985-8S 1986-87 1987-88 1988-89 1989-90 1990-91 1991-9?. 1992-93 1993-94 Cypruvex 48896 50530 50000 37531 31314 21106 40544 41171 39000 35509 Sunzest 33898 39499 59773 69698 63637 81120 51379 50028 34007 30417 Wearwell 65 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Narin 11231 6630 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Teos 5890 9046 2489 1912 0 0 0 0 1332 0 Bahcivan 72 6197 4477 0 0 0 0 162 2713 0 Sei Marketing 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Cyp rosei 12402 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Sunrise Marking 0 9275 10241 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Yorcx 0 3241 1488 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Taro m 0 6238 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Aspendos 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1641 273 0 New Fruit Ltd 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3173 198 0 Leraser Ltd 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5817 3636 0 Narenciye ve Sebze. Birligi 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1364 713 0 O/yurt Narenciyeciier Koop 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2149 707 0 Love Rent A Car Ltd 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 436 539 0 Ulucam 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 778 2578 0 Otheis 3726 3811 10130 7034 8488 5306 19594 8066 2698 17319 TOTAL 116180 134467 138598 116175 103439 107532 111517 114785 88394 83245 Conclusion In 1987 there were 10 large public enterprises operating in the "TRNC", in ail economic fields, from banking and insurance, manufacturing and to a virtual monopoly of the distribution of petrol and petroleum. Ostensibly a "State" Planning Office objective has been to increase the private sector's stake in public sector organisations. This has not happened, partly because government is loath to shed itself of the control and patronage that ownership bestows. In manufacturing particularly, but even in tourism and agriculture, the state and quasi state 222
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to th
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ABSTRACT This thesis examines the e
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Table Of Contents Page Change in ec
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List Of Figures 2.27 Revenue from t
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List Of Figures 5.25 Main destinati
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List Of Figures 7.8 The degree of o
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List Of Tables 6.7 All island, Gree
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This thesis will examine the econom
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Vassiliou's classic work 5 publishe
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As many questions raised by economi
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Figure 1.1 The structure of recent
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In terms of the topic of this thesi
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political landmark coincides with a
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were the mechanisms which encourage
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however, Chapter 5 concentrates on
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Defining the title The first priori
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such? Is northern Cyprus simply run
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unlike Greece in 1923, were already
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itself as having been literally und
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economic history, Christodoulou's s
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incurred as a resuit of eonfl ict.
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Christodoulou has concentrated his
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any credit for successful economic
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anking technology, administrative c
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(which usually has a regressive imp
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contribution did labour remittances
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having been inspired by Zetter's in
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econstruction also provided a means
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Conclusion In analysing the extent
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he drew distinct analogies with the
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in Cyprus. The main objective is a
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The war proved a watershed in many
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Uruguay, Japan, Trinidad and Tobago
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financial, property and business se
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By 1960 exports represented over 20
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Table 2.1 Domestic Exports FOB in 1
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the period (1960-73), the différen
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Figure 2.4 Principal exports as a p
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producing 12% of GDP. Tourism (rest
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considerably more than Turkey, whos
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income. Mining and quarrying (now m
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Figure 2.10 Principal exports as a
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Figure 2.12 The Destination of the
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Figure 2.14 Ambiguous indicators: T
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Figure 2.15 Sìze of manufacturing
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By 1980 the economy of the Republic
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The scale of the disruption in the
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Whether taking the optimists approa
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financing from financial markets pi
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grew rapidly. In the immediate afte
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One of the major problems facing th
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coming, only concerning policy make
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with particular bottlenecks affecti
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"We attributed this finding to the
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aiding the recovery from the coup a
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employment: rapidly rising real ear
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Until the intervention of public fi
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to pick the Republic of Cyprus as t
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of offshore companies registered in
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Figure 2.27 Revenue from the offsho
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Figure 2.29 The changing compositio
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The structure of the economy, the c
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CHAPTER 3. The foundations of Takis
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Famagusta enclaves would be over-ru
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The historical context of separate
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generally concentrated in the lower
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agreed Constitution. Seemingly Clar
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séparation of the communities bega
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UN. 37 Some additional supplies mus
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Seemingly, by 1970 the Nicosia encl
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was made on the basis of a fixed in
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derived from Turkish transfer payme
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Patrick has offered a more complica
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spare parts and maintenance materia
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Emphasising the growing divisions b
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Chamber, Rauf Denktash, said people
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Figure 3.2 Thepossible economic eff
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produced by them rises significantl
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Committee" was the area military co
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February 1975 the latter bodies set
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The first five-year pian, published
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CHAPTER 4. The construction of a Tu
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Whilst the Turkish-Cypriot leadersh
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of supply, and/or marketing, in key
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shipment of 2000 tons of foodstuffs
Page 171 and 172: Eti still operateci out of Nicosia,
Page 173 and 174: institutions in northern Cyprus amo
Page 175 and 176: with multipurpose co-operatives, a
Page 177 and 178: A few new co-operatives were formed
Page 179 and 180: loans. Savings Banks do have access
Page 181 and 182: espectively. The Famagusta branch w
Page 183 and 184: Cypriot) Government in the 1960s, t
Page 185 and 186: increasing costs 31 . This is perha
Page 187 and 188: packages imported raffinate, supply
Page 189 and 190: a monopoly respectively. Where ther
Page 191 and 192: Evkaf is an Islamic organisation fo
Page 193 and 194: Evkaf had a largely obscure economi
Page 195 and 196: Meanwhile a little noticed phenomen
Page 197 and 198: After the summer of 1974, the Turki
Page 199 and 200: monitored Ledra Place check-point,
Page 201 and 202: the early eighties, when Turkish ar
Page 203 and 204: Figure 4.3 Number of tourists from
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Page 207 and 208: stay arrivais or diminish with the
Page 209 and 210: competing with the longer establish
Page 211 and 212: flexibility of family business stru
Page 213 and 214: Ltd., Turkish-Cypriots eventually g
Page 215 and 216: dominateci by: textiles, footwear a
Page 217 and 218: force of national cohésion, change
Page 219 and 220: Figure 4.9 Main Citrus Exporters in
Page 221: Ismail Bozkurt (who secured 32.1% o
Page 225 and 226: Ultimately the failure to act on pr
Page 227 and 228: CHAFTER 5: Re-establishing economic
Page 229 and 230: prospects of their respective de fa
Page 231 and 232: Figure 5.1 Change in Cypriot GDP as
Page 233 and 234: {0 perceive the de facto situation
Page 235 and 236: Turkey maintains that her objective
Page 237 and 238: parliament during the unstable peri
Page 239 and 240: case study, he argues that given en
Page 241 and 242: Specifically, it is analysis of nat
Page 243 and 244: imports (Figure 5.5). The extent to
Page 245 and 246: (which includes the increasingly im
Page 247 and 248: If "a leading sector in the process
Page 249 and 250: Just to put minds at rest that manu
Page 251 and 252: encouraged private sector action, t
Page 253 and 254: Figure 5.13 Gross domestic fixed ca
Page 255 and 256: major economic force, one that was
Page 257 and 258: they account for around a third of
Page 259 and 260: dominates international transfer pa
Page 261 and 262: a "development resource" 54 , rathe
Page 263 and 264: able to spearhead a revival aided,
Page 265 and 266: path, policy objectives moved to co
Page 267 and 268: overwhelming dependence on a genera
Page 269 and 270: In the difficult times that followe
Page 271 and 272: independence from total Turkish fin
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Figure 5.20 Orange production as a
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e exchanged for new "TRNC" (or, as
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Unlike the vineyards where most of
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Although not important in the initi
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Having said this, constant improvem
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compensation arrangements in the no
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some of the labour intensive stages
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Figure 5.24 Proportion of citrus ex
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to treat exports from the whole of
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seem more politically motivateci an
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Figure 6.1 Percentage change in GNP
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initially. The more immediate probl
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historical phenomena (large externa
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It has been argued that if politics
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share of National Income to somethi
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Figure 6.6 Communal income in 1980,
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Selecting peers as proxies for pan-
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growth potential to Cyprus in 1960,
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was that compatible data should be
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Figure 6.9 Micro Economies; average
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Figure 6.11 Micro Economies; averag
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Figure 6.13 The level of government
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Figure 6.14 "More Developed Medìte
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Figure 6.17 "More DevelopedMediterr
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Cypriot growth rate, should not dis
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Figure 6.22 Structure of production
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Figure 6.26 Degree of openness in t
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economic growth 49 (variables 6-9:
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implication, developmental différe
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spectrum in 1980 at 38%. Perhaps le
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namely investment rates 54 (in phys
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instruments, the justification for
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Figure 6.28 Average annual growth i
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Figure 6.29 How Cyprusfared in 1980
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Figure 6.30 Total Cypriot income 19
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o.zö; may reveai someimng 01 ine e
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developments elsewhere. The relativ
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unified economy) of 1963, Cyprus is
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CHAPTER 7. Conclusion 348 Comparati
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Turkish-Cypriot economy stagnateci.
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So it is worth looking again at the
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stand out however, revealing enough
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Figure 7.3 Gross domestic investmen
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Figure 7.5 "TRNC netforeign trade a
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Figure 7.8 The degree of openness i
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control. There seems to be ampie ex
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The role of tourism in the economic
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seem to be able to grow in line wit
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Comparisons throughout this thesis
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The Cyprus Mail Hellenic Group. Nic
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I.M.F. International Financial Stat
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1982. Fourth Emergency Economic Act
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"Turkish Federated State of Kibris"
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leadership of the two communities o
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"administrations" and key economic
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Bicak, H.A. (June) 1990. "The Impac
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Hudson, J. and Dyniotou-Jensen M. 1
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Mcdonald, R. 1989. The Problem of C
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Solsten, E. (ed.) 1993. Cvprus: A c
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