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Comparative troughs In many ways the Greek-Cypriots were the (little acknowledged) direct economic beneficiaries of the 1963/4 civil war, which effectively removed Turkish-Cypriot compétition. Of the Republic "it can be said that for Cyprus, trouble became also its salvation." 6 What Ozal Sarica meant by this was that as a conséquence of the 1963/4 violence, the economy benefited from the military multiplier deriving from the permanent presence of over 2000 well paid UN troops, up to 12,000 less well paid Greek troops, up to a few thousand even less well paid Turkish troops and the new invisible receipt of Turkish financial assistance (which entered Cyprus via the Central Bank). To that could be added the fact that Greek-Cypriots also benefited from the Turkish-Cypriot retreat (as Turkish-Cypriots subsequently did in 1974/5 from the Greek-Cypriot retreat) by exploiting and over-riding property rights, when they drove the Turkish-Cypriot community out of areas of weakness. 7 Greek- Cypriots also benefited by monopolising public sector employment (30% of which had been reserved for Turkish-Cypriots) and other sectors of the economy where Turkish-Cypriot compétition could have been significane As a resuit of the events of December 1963, the growth and development of tourism on the island almost completely passed Turkish-Cypriots by 8 . 6 "Provisional Turkish Administration" 1970. The Economy of Cyprus and the Turkish Cypriot Community Nicosia: Turkish Planning Organisation, p.ll. 7 See Patrick R. A. 1976. A Political Geographv of the Cyprus Conflict: 1963-1971. Ontario: University of Waterloo, Dept. of Geography Publication Series No. 4, pp. 110-111. 8 Martin J. "The History and Development of Tourism", pp.340-342, in Dodd 1993. op. cit. 229
Figure 5.1 Change in Cypriot GDP as a conséquence of the 1963/4 civil war (in constant 1963 US $). I Greek Cyp. per cap. GDP I Turkish Cyp. per cap. GDP GDP 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 Source: Patrick R.A. 1976, p.109 & Rep. of Cyprus. 1994. "Historical Data on the Economy of Cyprus 1960-1991", p. 34. Officiai sources claim that average Cypriot per capita income feil by 9.5% in 1964 (in constant market prices) and recovered again in 1965, growing by 10.6% from the 1963 figure 9 . According to Patrick's sources, whilst average Greek-Cypriot per capita income feil by only 1.4% in 1964 and grew by 20.6% on the 1963 figure in 1965, Turkish-Cypriot average per capita income feil by 73% and was still 67% below the 1963 average in 1965 10 . Turkish-Cypriots experienced the majority of the effects of the politicai upheavals and the subséquent economic disruption. Greek- Cypriots seemed to be able to capitalise on the Turkish-Cypriot withdrawal. It must be said however that Patrick's figures are based on current factor prices, though the average rise in the retail price index over the period 1963-5 averaged just 0.4% 11 , so the possibility of inflation distorting the general trends can be largely discounted. 9 Republic of Cyprus, 1994. Historical Data on the Economy of Cyprus 1960-1991. Nicosia: Dept. of Statistics and Research, Ministry of Finance, p. 34. 10 Patrick 1976. op. cit., pp. 109. n ibid., p. 19. 230
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to th
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ABSTRACT This thesis examines the e
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Table Of Contents Page Change in ec
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List Of Figures 2.27 Revenue from t
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List Of Figures 5.25 Main destinati
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List Of Figures 7.8 The degree of o
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List Of Tables 6.7 All island, Gree
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This thesis will examine the econom
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Vassiliou's classic work 5 publishe
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As many questions raised by economi
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Figure 1.1 The structure of recent
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In terms of the topic of this thesi
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political landmark coincides with a
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were the mechanisms which encourage
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however, Chapter 5 concentrates on
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Defining the title The first priori
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such? Is northern Cyprus simply run
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unlike Greece in 1923, were already
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itself as having been literally und
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economic history, Christodoulou's s
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incurred as a resuit of eonfl ict.
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Christodoulou has concentrated his
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any credit for successful economic
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anking technology, administrative c
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(which usually has a regressive imp
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contribution did labour remittances
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having been inspired by Zetter's in
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econstruction also provided a means
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Conclusion In analysing the extent
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he drew distinct analogies with the
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in Cyprus. The main objective is a
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The war proved a watershed in many
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Uruguay, Japan, Trinidad and Tobago
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financial, property and business se
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By 1960 exports represented over 20
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Table 2.1 Domestic Exports FOB in 1
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the period (1960-73), the différen
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Figure 2.4 Principal exports as a p
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producing 12% of GDP. Tourism (rest
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considerably more than Turkey, whos
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income. Mining and quarrying (now m
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Figure 2.10 Principal exports as a
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Figure 2.12 The Destination of the
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Figure 2.14 Ambiguous indicators: T
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Figure 2.15 Sìze of manufacturing
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By 1980 the economy of the Republic
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The scale of the disruption in the
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Whether taking the optimists approa
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financing from financial markets pi
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grew rapidly. In the immediate afte
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One of the major problems facing th
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coming, only concerning policy make
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with particular bottlenecks affecti
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"We attributed this finding to the
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aiding the recovery from the coup a
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employment: rapidly rising real ear
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Until the intervention of public fi
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to pick the Republic of Cyprus as t
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of offshore companies registered in
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Figure 2.27 Revenue from the offsho
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Figure 2.29 The changing compositio
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The structure of the economy, the c
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CHAPTER 3. The foundations of Takis
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Famagusta enclaves would be over-ru
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The historical context of separate
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generally concentrated in the lower
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agreed Constitution. Seemingly Clar
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séparation of the communities bega
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UN. 37 Some additional supplies mus
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Seemingly, by 1970 the Nicosia encl
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was made on the basis of a fixed in
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derived from Turkish transfer payme
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Patrick has offered a more complica
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spare parts and maintenance materia
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Emphasising the growing divisions b
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Chamber, Rauf Denktash, said people
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Figure 3.2 Thepossible economic eff
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produced by them rises significantl
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Committee" was the area military co
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February 1975 the latter bodies set
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The first five-year pian, published
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CHAPTER 4. The construction of a Tu
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Whilst the Turkish-Cypriot leadersh
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of supply, and/or marketing, in key
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shipment of 2000 tons of foodstuffs
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Eti still operateci out of Nicosia,
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institutions in northern Cyprus amo
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with multipurpose co-operatives, a
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A few new co-operatives were formed
Page 179 and 180: loans. Savings Banks do have access
Page 181 and 182: espectively. The Famagusta branch w
Page 183 and 184: Cypriot) Government in the 1960s, t
Page 185 and 186: increasing costs 31 . This is perha
Page 187 and 188: packages imported raffinate, supply
Page 189 and 190: a monopoly respectively. Where ther
Page 191 and 192: Evkaf is an Islamic organisation fo
Page 193 and 194: Evkaf had a largely obscure economi
Page 195 and 196: Meanwhile a little noticed phenomen
Page 197 and 198: After the summer of 1974, the Turki
Page 199 and 200: monitored Ledra Place check-point,
Page 201 and 202: the early eighties, when Turkish ar
Page 203 and 204: Figure 4.3 Number of tourists from
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Page 207 and 208: stay arrivais or diminish with the
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Page 211 and 212: flexibility of family business stru
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Page 215 and 216: dominateci by: textiles, footwear a
Page 217 and 218: force of national cohésion, change
Page 219 and 220: Figure 4.9 Main Citrus Exporters in
Page 221 and 222: Ismail Bozkurt (who secured 32.1% o
Page 223 and 224: Table 4.9 Citrus exports from north
Page 225 and 226: Ultimately the failure to act on pr
Page 227 and 228: CHAFTER 5: Re-establishing economic
Page 229: prospects of their respective de fa
Page 233 and 234: {0 perceive the de facto situation
Page 235 and 236: Turkey maintains that her objective
Page 237 and 238: parliament during the unstable peri
Page 239 and 240: case study, he argues that given en
Page 241 and 242: Specifically, it is analysis of nat
Page 243 and 244: imports (Figure 5.5). The extent to
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Page 247 and 248: If "a leading sector in the process
Page 249 and 250: Just to put minds at rest that manu
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Page 253 and 254: Figure 5.13 Gross domestic fixed ca
Page 255 and 256: major economic force, one that was
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Page 259 and 260: dominates international transfer pa
Page 261 and 262: a "development resource" 54 , rathe
Page 263 and 264: able to spearhead a revival aided,
Page 265 and 266: path, policy objectives moved to co
Page 267 and 268: overwhelming dependence on a genera
Page 269 and 270: In the difficult times that followe
Page 271 and 272: independence from total Turkish fin
Page 273 and 274: Figure 5.20 Orange production as a
Page 275 and 276: e exchanged for new "TRNC" (or, as
Page 277 and 278: Unlike the vineyards where most of
Page 279 and 280: Although not important in the initi
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Having said this, constant improvem
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compensation arrangements in the no
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some of the labour intensive stages
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Figure 5.24 Proportion of citrus ex
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to treat exports from the whole of
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seem more politically motivateci an
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Figure 6.1 Percentage change in GNP
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initially. The more immediate probl
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historical phenomena (large externa
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It has been argued that if politics
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share of National Income to somethi
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Figure 6.6 Communal income in 1980,
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Selecting peers as proxies for pan-
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growth potential to Cyprus in 1960,
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was that compatible data should be
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Figure 6.9 Micro Economies; average
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Figure 6.11 Micro Economies; averag
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Figure 6.13 The level of government
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Figure 6.14 "More Developed Medìte
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Figure 6.17 "More DevelopedMediterr
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Cypriot growth rate, should not dis
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Figure 6.22 Structure of production
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Figure 6.26 Degree of openness in t
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economic growth 49 (variables 6-9:
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implication, developmental différe
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spectrum in 1980 at 38%. Perhaps le
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namely investment rates 54 (in phys
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instruments, the justification for
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Figure 6.28 Average annual growth i
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Figure 6.29 How Cyprusfared in 1980
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Figure 6.30 Total Cypriot income 19
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o.zö; may reveai someimng 01 ine e
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developments elsewhere. The relativ
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unified economy) of 1963, Cyprus is
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CHAPTER 7. Conclusion 348 Comparati
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Turkish-Cypriot economy stagnateci.
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So it is worth looking again at the
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stand out however, revealing enough
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Figure 7.3 Gross domestic investmen
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Figure 7.5 "TRNC netforeign trade a
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Figure 7.8 The degree of openness i
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control. There seems to be ampie ex
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The role of tourism in the economic
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seem to be able to grow in line wit
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Comparisons throughout this thesis
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The Cyprus Mail Hellenic Group. Nic
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I.M.F. International Financial Stat
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1982. Fourth Emergency Economic Act
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"Turkish Federated State of Kibris"
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leadership of the two communities o
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"administrations" and key economic
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Bicak, H.A. (June) 1990. "The Impac
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Hudson, J. and Dyniotou-Jensen M. 1
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Mcdonald, R. 1989. The Problem of C
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Solsten, E. (ed.) 1993. Cvprus: A c
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