STRUCTURAL GLASS FACADES - USC School of Architecture

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SageGlass. The diagram and text above, obtained from the Sage website, explain how the product works. Ceramic Frits A ceramic frit is an enamel applied to glass for aesthetic purposes or to limit transparency. The ceramic material is usually applied in a pattern using a silk-screening process prior to heat-treating. The glass is then run through an infra-red oven to dry the frit and then a tempering oven and the frit is permanently fused to the glass surface. It is a very tough material and can be applied to the exterior surface of glass, but is often applied to the number-2 and/or number-3 surface of an IG or LG. The frit material comes in various colors, and can simply be used for decorative effect. Most glass producers have standard frit patterns, but custom patterns are easily provided. Silkscreen Printing Silkscreen is a printing process used in the glass industry to apply a design or pattern to a glass surface. The process is applied by placing a patterned screen over a glass surface and pressing ceramic frit, by means of a large squeegee, through the pores of the screen. 2.4.1.10 Bent Glass Glass bending is a specialty field within the architectural glass industry. Monolithic, insulated and laminated bent units are all possible. Annealed glass is typically heated in an oven and allowed to slump over a form to create the bends, then gradually cooled. The curves are generally limited to one direction, although double-curvature glass has been experimented with on some projects such as the Conde Nast interior by Gehry Partners, and the Glass Umbrella by Eric Owen Moss Architects. Special equipment is required to temper bent glass and not all bent glass producers have this capability. Some bent glass may be difficult or impossible to temper, depending upon the surface geometry. 101
2.4.1.11 Specifying Glass Specifying glass is challenging simply because of the large number of available options. Viracon offers over 350 different kinds of insulated glass alone. Fortunately, the various glass manufacturers and fabricators have excellent online technical support for this purpose. Coatings and frits are specified by surface. Monolithic glass has two surfaces, 2-ply laminated glass and insulated glass have four, insulated laminated has six, and so on. The number one surface is to the outside of the building. Most frits and coatings are specified on the number two or three surface where they are better protected. The manufacturers offer recommendation based upon panel makeup, coating material and function. 2.4.2 Glass as Structural Material Glass is being used increasingly as a structural material. Even before the discovery of heattreating glass as a means to enhance the strength of the material, the 19 th century conservatory designers and builders were using glass as a stressed-skin to stabilize the irons structures supporting them. Glass is a very strong material but its extreme brittleness presents certain challenges in structural applications. 2.4.2.1 Heat-treating Heat-treating typically refers to the post processing of float glass product to improve its strength and/or to alter its breakage behavior. Glass is annealed as part of the float glass process, and annealing itself is a form of heat-treatment. Heat-treating or toughening is a process developed by the French in 1928. This process provided the material necessary for the structural glass systems to follow decades later. All point-fixed glass systems utilize heat toughened glass. There are two kinds of heat-treated glass, heat-strengthened and fully tempered. Fabrication requirements, tolerances, and 102
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STRUCTURAL GLASS FACADES: A UNIQUE
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Dedication To my bride, Victoria Me
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One cannot help but burden others w
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6.4 Other Considerations in Glass S
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Table 6-6 Simple truss attributes.
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List of Figures Figure 1.1 Berlin C
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Figure 2.1 Tension rod rigging term
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Figure 2.28 Diagram of low-E functi
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Figure 6.12 New Beijing Poly Plaza;
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Figure 8.7 Glass and the glass manu
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Abstract This thesis formulates a h
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The push by leading architects for
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Barriers to Implementation As with
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The primary focus of this thesis wi
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Chapter 1 - Context 1.1 Structural
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facades as used herein refers to th
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The vaulted enclosure spans six tra
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1.2.2 Architectural Use of Glass It
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the great cathedrals of the period
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1.2.4 Glass as Building Skin Struct
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1.2.5 The Advent of the Curtain Wal
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structure is exposed, and thus beco
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necessarily the case, however. Nort
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and practitioners of this style, Wa
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In the same manner, Mies van der Ro
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1.3.2 Emergence of Structural Glass
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of glass are transparency, transluc
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Opacity is the opposite of transpar
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Willis Faber & Dumas Building Ipswi
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Figure 1.18 Louvre Pyramid by night
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Channel 4 Headquarters London; Rich
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presentations on the technology usu
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was not constructed until the 1950
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1.3.6 Practitioners The following e
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In a common development pattern, se
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Page 77 and 78: Oil prices blowing by USD 100 per b
Page 79 and 80: Chapter 2 - Materials, Processes, a
Page 81 and 82: 2.2.1 Structures and Strategies for
Page 83 and 84: 2.2.2 Strongbacks and Glass Fins St
Page 85 and 86: Various geometries are possible, mo
Page 87 and 88: The application of trusses as part
Page 89 and 90: Figure 2.8 Truss identification: br
Page 91 and 92: A large cavity double-skin façade
Page 93 and 94: Fuller later went on to develop ten
Page 95 and 96: stabilized, or closed systems; stab
Page 97 and 98: 2.2.9.2 Cable Net The addition of h
Page 99 and 100: Kieran Kelley-Sneed, a former profe
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Page 103 and 104: or some similar process to produce
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Page 107 and 108: 2.3.3.2 Rods Design innovations are
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Page 111 and 112: Table 2-4 Raw materials used in typ
Page 113 and 114: 2.4.1.6 Laminated Glass Laminated g
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Page 119 and 120: applied by a process of vacuum (spu
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Page 133 and 134: pieces of glass with a ½” air sp
Page 135 and 136: A measure of heat gain or heat loss
Page 137 and 138: Fortunately, glass producers again
Page 139 and 140: 2.5.2 Stick Systems Most curtain wa
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Page 145 and 146: 2.5.9 Structural Glazing Structural
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Page 149 and 150: Alternatively, structural glass fac
Page 151 and 152: Chapter 3 - Building Products, Proc
Page 153 and 154: New strategies and project delivery
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Page 157 and 158: 3.1.3 Fabrication Fabrication requi
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Page 161 and 162: 3.2.1.2 Weaknesses of Design/Bid/Bu
Page 163 and 164: The budget can be developed along w
Page 165 and 166: 3.2.3.1 Strengths of Design/Assist
Page 167 and 168: 3.3.1.2 Develop an appropriate surf
Page 169 and 170: 3.3.2.1 Representative Drawings Pla
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4.2.1 Wizards A common type of desi
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On selection of an exterior color f
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website acts as a resource in suppo
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It is interesting to note that tool
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easons, many interactive tutorials
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“Human Resources In-house expert
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an overall architectural project,
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contextual imagery and a general de
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4.5 The Medium 4.5.1 Print Digital
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cost ranging from 25 to 50 dollars
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Figure 4.8 PowerPoint presentation
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5.1.4 It is conceivable to facilita
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Chapter 1 defines structural glass
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technology into the mainstream cons
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Chapter 6 - Categorization and Orga
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Table 6-2 Morphological categorizat
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6.1.2 Definition of Evaluation Crit
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measure of the relative ease of des
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Material Suppliers and Subcontracto
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to work. There is great opportunity
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eing extremely efficient on a stren
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much as 20-30 percent. Thus, it is
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Figure 6.2 Generalized behavior att
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Design Considerations The strongbac
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Constructability Fabrication: The c
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opportunities for exploring facetin
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Constructability Fabrication: If sp
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square-on-offset-square derived fro
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Glass system interface: Any glass s
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Constructability Fabrication: As di
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Morphology Vertical trusses are ali
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Durability and Maintenance: The con
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Table 6-7 Mast truss attributes. 6.
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problematic, as the structures are
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deflections relative to the façade
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Stability in the cable truss is pro
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Resources and Technology Maturity:
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Installation: Installation is signi
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Design issues: The determination of
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Gymnastics Arena fabric clad tenseg
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Design Considerations Aesthetics: G
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Pre-tension requirements: The cable
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Morphology Cable-hung structures ha
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Glass system interface: The interfa
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Structural Performance Spanning cap
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Structural Efficiency (strength to
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6.2.1 Categorization Scheme Table 6
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6.2.3 Class Comparisons: Applicatio
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Optical Distortion: The heat-treati
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Size Limitation: Viracon, the large
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objective; monolithic panels of low
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equipment. Depending upon these var
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deflections exceed this requirement
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consideration, and should be heat-s
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Transparency Relative transparency
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What follows is a consideration of
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Design issues: These systems must b
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Design Considerations Aesthetics: O
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Constructability Fabrication: All f
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Material Suppliers and Subcontracto
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then treated identically to point-f
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Accommodation of movement: As with
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Geometric flexibility: One of the a
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all-bearing head that provides for
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effectively clamping the glass to t
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Constructability Fabrication: Glass
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For a more sophisticated program us
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lighting costs should also be figur
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Chapter 7 - Tools, Resources, and C
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grid anomalies, and other nonstanda
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7.1 A Simple Case The theory is tha
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7.1.3 Vertical Span / Horizontal Sp
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Figure 7.3 FacadeDesigner.com homep
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The World Wide Web is a unique medi
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Figure 7.5 StructureExplorer Web pa
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This module has not been developed
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deflections. As will be seen, the t
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F af 2 Vm/ryf F y 1- 0.
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F ab 2 Vm/ryb F y 1- 0.
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Calculate front chord stress ratio;
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analysis eliminates the formation o
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Figure 7.9 Dynamic relaxation veloc
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output of the analysis, along with
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Solving for cable force, the additi
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Figure 7.12 FacadeDesigner: select
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Figure 7.13 FacadeDesigner: glass g
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H m = H s / H n V m = V s / V n Or,
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show a vertically oriented glass gr
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FaçadeDesigner is thus linked to S
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elevations, sections and details. T
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inadvertent and unnecessary, and ea
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maximum timeframe. However, the Exp
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Figure 8.2 Introductory page requir
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Figure 8.5 Glass system types are i
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Figure 8.9 Each system type is pres
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application to the AIA/CES to becom
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8.2 Summary The background research
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Long-span façade structures Simpl
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9.1.1 Test Subjects Group A is comp
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The testing of Group A was administ
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Subjective questions 1-5, column 2,
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Table 9-4 Group B, 2nd test results
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Group A 1st Test Correct Respnses I
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y the learning program. This may re
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Group B 1st Test Correct Respnses I
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incorrect responses was 14% in the
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presentation is clearly emboldening
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Figure 9.10 Comparison of group A a
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"Don't Know" Responses by Category;
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Question 10 Tempered glass is
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Group A Incorrect Responses: Change
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This question was answered incorrec
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Perhaps the shift from I-don’t-kn
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Question 14 Glass for point-fixed s
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Please circle one number only for e
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after they were given the presentat
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The average response here fell one
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inclusion in StructureDesigner, and
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V n = number of vertical grid modul
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Table 9-5 Cable net; omparison of t
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H m = horizontal module (ft) H n =
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Table 9-6 Simple truss; comparison
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Chapter 10 - Summary and Conclusion
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pyramid structure when the distribu
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The author is not a Web designer or
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10.2.2 FaçadeDesigner; the Methodo
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Tutorials An objective of FacadeDes
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and load conditions. A testing meth
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The need is for education and resou
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information. Better organization of
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institutions such as the Massachuse
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The important issue of sustainabili
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accommodate application needs from
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10.3.6 Diffusion of Innovation in A
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Bibliography Amato, I 1997. Stuff;
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Cambridge 2000 Gallery 2005. Willis
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Glass skyscraper n.d. Model of glas
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Nardella, M 2007. Interior of Garde
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Seagram Building n.d. Photograph of
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STRUCTURAL GLASS FACADES - USC School of Architecture

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