STRUCTURAL GLASS FACADES - USC School of Architecture

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Chapter 8 - A Learning Program The FacadeDesigner.com website resource is conceived as a resource incorporating a variety of tutorials and learning programs related to structural glass façade technology, including the structure systems, glass systems, and the primary materials and processes that comprise the technology. A variety of formats are possible to explore, including online video, interactive programs, and downloadable files. As intended, a secondary effect of this thesis is the generation of significant content appropriate for inclusion in a variety of learning programs. One prototype program was developed in support of this thesis as follows. 8.1 Exposed Structural Systems and Long-span Glass Facades The AIA/CES program is discussed in Chapter 4. It is the continuing education program for the American Institute of Architects. Exposed Structural Systems and Long-span Glass Facades is a learning program developed in accordance with the AIA/CES guidelines for adult learning programs reviewed in Chapter 4. The program is intended as a broad introduction to structural glass façade technology. It covers in broad strokes; glass, glass panels, glass systems, and the structure types that make up the support technology. It is conceived as the focal element of a 60 to 90-minute live interactive presentation by a qualified presenter knowledgeable in the field of structural glass façade technology. The program is developed in Microsoft Powerpoint. The primary audience is design architects. Most architectural firms have a continuing education program in which industry providers of AIA/CES programs are invited in on some regular basis. This most often takes the form of a luncheon presentation typically limited to a 60 to 90-minute 333
maximum timeframe. However, the Exposed Structural Systems program is also well suited for architecture students. A further intent is that this learning program be made available as a website resource from FacadeDesigner.com. The program, and others like it, will be resident on the website as Adobe Acrobat (*.pdf) files. They will download to the user’s computer where they will function as a self-paced tutorial. The precedent for this is the Structures website (Schierle, n.d.) discussed in Chapter 4.5.4. Professor Schierle’s Powerpoint lectures are located on the website in this same format. The lectures are structured to take maximum advantage of this online access as a review method for the students. It is the personal experience of the author that there is significant value in this approach. The value of the online programs to individuals having never received the original lectures is less clear, but through a development and testing program it is a viable consideration that an effective series of tutorials could be developed. While not testing this aspect directly, the testing program outlined in Chapter 10 seems to support this contention. 8.1.1 Program Elements Select images are included below only as necessary to present the organization of the program and to indicate the elements required for compliance with the AIA/CES program. The program content was derived directly from the material developed for this thesis. Note: This program has NOT been submitted to the AIA for approval. It is a prototype program developed for testing purposes only. It is believed that this program complies with all AIA/CES requirements and guidelines. The AIA/CES program approves providers of AIA learning programs, and does not approve programs independent of providers. Prospective providers must be practitioners or industry firms, and are required to pay a fee ranging from approximately USD 500 to over USD 3,000 to become an approved provider. 334
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STRUCTURAL GLASS FACADES: A UNIQUE
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Dedication To my bride, Victoria Me
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One cannot help but burden others w
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6.4 Other Considerations in Glass S
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Table 6-6 Simple truss attributes.
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List of Figures Figure 1.1 Berlin C
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Figure 2.1 Tension rod rigging term
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Figure 2.28 Diagram of low-E functi
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Figure 6.12 New Beijing Poly Plaza;
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Figure 8.7 Glass and the glass manu
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Abstract This thesis formulates a h
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The push by leading architects for
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Barriers to Implementation As with
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The primary focus of this thesis wi
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Chapter 1 - Context 1.1 Structural
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facades as used herein refers to th
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The vaulted enclosure spans six tra
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1.2.2 Architectural Use of Glass It
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the great cathedrals of the period
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1.2.4 Glass as Building Skin Struct
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1.2.5 The Advent of the Curtain Wal
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structure is exposed, and thus beco
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necessarily the case, however. Nort
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and practitioners of this style, Wa
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In the same manner, Mies van der Ro
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1.3.2 Emergence of Structural Glass
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of glass are transparency, transluc
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Opacity is the opposite of transpar
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Willis Faber & Dumas Building Ipswi
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Figure 1.18 Louvre Pyramid by night
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Channel 4 Headquarters London; Rich
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presentations on the technology usu
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was not constructed until the 1950
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1.3.6 Practitioners The following e
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In a common development pattern, se
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from the yachting industry and used
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imitation reveals itself here; repe
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their lack of familiarity with it.
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Oil prices blowing by USD 100 per b
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Chapter 2 - Materials, Processes, a
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2.2.1 Structures and Strategies for
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2.2.2 Strongbacks and Glass Fins St
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Various geometries are possible, mo
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The application of trusses as part
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Figure 2.8 Truss identification: br
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A large cavity double-skin façade
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Fuller later went on to develop ten
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stabilized, or closed systems; stab
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2.2.9.2 Cable Net The addition of h
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Kieran Kelley-Sneed, a former profe
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these materials. High performance t
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or some similar process to produce
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Individual wires are fist twisted i
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2.3.3.2 Rods Design innovations are
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processing adding value in some man
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Table 2-4 Raw materials used in typ
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2.4.1.6 Laminated Glass Laminated g
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laminated panel comprised of a temp
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of the spacer, and the application
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applied by a process of vacuum (spu
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The illustration on the left shows
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2.4.1.11 Specifying Glass Specifyin
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to as annealed glass. Subsequent pr
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later) may exhibit worsened distort
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glass above). In fact, perhaps owin
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“Float glass thickness range from
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pieces of glass with a ½” air sp
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A measure of heat gain or heat loss
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Fortunately, glass producers again
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2.5.2 Stick Systems Most curtain wa
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The rainscreen principle has become
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with the outer glass surface. This
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2.5.9 Structural Glazing Structural
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frequently mechanically attaché th
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Alternatively, structural glass fac
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Chapter 3 - Building Products, Proc
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New strategies and project delivery
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costs are extremely low throughout
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3.1.3 Fabrication Fabrication requi
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A design/builder may provide instal
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3.2.1.2 Weaknesses of Design/Bid/Bu
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The budget can be developed along w
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3.2.3.1 Strengths of Design/Assist
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3.3.1.2 Develop an appropriate surf
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3.3.2.1 Representative Drawings Pla
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to related websites. In the case of
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4.2.1 Wizards A common type of desi
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On selection of an exterior color f
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website acts as a resource in suppo
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It is interesting to note that tool
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easons, many interactive tutorials
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“Human Resources In-house expert
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an overall architectural project,
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contextual imagery and a general de
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4.5 The Medium 4.5.1 Print Digital
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cost ranging from 25 to 50 dollars
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Figure 4.8 PowerPoint presentation
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5.1.4 It is conceivable to facilita
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Chapter 1 defines structural glass
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technology into the mainstream cons
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Chapter 6 - Categorization and Orga
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Table 6-2 Morphological categorizat
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6.1.2 Definition of Evaluation Crit
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measure of the relative ease of des
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Material Suppliers and Subcontracto
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to work. There is great opportunity
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eing extremely efficient on a stren
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much as 20-30 percent. Thus, it is
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Figure 6.2 Generalized behavior att
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Design Considerations The strongbac
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Constructability Fabrication: The c
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opportunities for exploring facetin
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Constructability Fabrication: If sp
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square-on-offset-square derived fro
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Glass system interface: Any glass s
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Constructability Fabrication: As di
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Morphology Vertical trusses are ali
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Durability and Maintenance: The con
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Table 6-7 Mast truss attributes. 6.
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problematic, as the structures are
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deflections relative to the façade
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Stability in the cable truss is pro
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Resources and Technology Maturity:
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Installation: Installation is signi
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Design issues: The determination of
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Gymnastics Arena fabric clad tenseg
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Design Considerations Aesthetics: G
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Pre-tension requirements: The cable
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Morphology Cable-hung structures ha
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Glass system interface: The interfa
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Structural Performance Spanning cap
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Structural Efficiency (strength to
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6.2.1 Categorization Scheme Table 6
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6.2.3 Class Comparisons: Applicatio
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Optical Distortion: The heat-treati
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Size Limitation: Viracon, the large
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objective; monolithic panels of low
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equipment. Depending upon these var
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deflections exceed this requirement
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consideration, and should be heat-s
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Transparency Relative transparency
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What follows is a consideration of
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Design issues: These systems must b
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Design Considerations Aesthetics: O
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Constructability Fabrication: All f
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Material Suppliers and Subcontracto
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then treated identically to point-f
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Accommodation of movement: As with
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Geometric flexibility: One of the a
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all-bearing head that provides for
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effectively clamping the glass to t
Page 303 and 304: Constructability Fabrication: Glass
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Page 309 and 310: Chapter 7 - Tools, Resources, and C
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Page 315 and 316: 7.1.3 Vertical Span / Horizontal Sp
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Page 321 and 322: Figure 7.5 StructureExplorer Web pa
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Page 343 and 344: Figure 7.13 FacadeDesigner: glass g
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Page 365 and 366: 8.2 Summary The background research
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Page 369 and 370: 9.1.1 Test Subjects Group A is comp
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Page 375 and 376: Table 9-4 Group B, 2nd test results
Page 377 and 378: Group A 1st Test Correct Respnses I
Page 379 and 380: y the learning program. This may re
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Page 383 and 384: incorrect responses was 14% in the
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Page 387 and 388: Figure 9.10 Comparison of group A a
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Page 391 and 392: Question 10 Tempered glass is
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The average response here fell one
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inclusion in StructureDesigner, and
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V n = number of vertical grid modul
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Table 9-5 Cable net; omparison of t
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H m = horizontal module (ft) H n =
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Table 9-6 Simple truss; comparison
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Chapter 10 - Summary and Conclusion
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pyramid structure when the distribu
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The author is not a Web designer or
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10.2.2 FaçadeDesigner; the Methodo
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Tutorials An objective of FacadeDes
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and load conditions. A testing meth
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The need is for education and resou
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information. Better organization of
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institutions such as the Massachuse
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The important issue of sustainabili
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accommodate application needs from
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10.3.6 Diffusion of Innovation in A
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Bibliography Amato, I 1997. Stuff;
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Cambridge 2000 Gallery 2005. Willis
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Glass skyscraper n.d. Model of glas
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Nardella, M 2007. Interior of Garde
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Seagram Building n.d. Photograph of
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