STRUCTURAL GLASS FACADES - USC School of Architecture

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testing procedures for heat-treated glass are defined in the ASTM International document C 1048. Table 2-7 Characteristics of heat-treated glass (GANA 2005, p.7). 2.4.2.2 Annealed Glass Annealing is a process of controlled heating and cooling of a material in a manner to remove internal stresses. With glass, the term refers to the gradual cooling of manufactured glass for the same general purpose; annealed glass is free of internal stresses that can result in breakage from outside stresses induced by such things as bending (as from wind) or rapid thermal change. Annealing is required to facilitate the easy and uniform cutting of glass. Annealing is incorporated into the float glass process by which the vast majority of the world’s architectural glass is produced, and the untreated glass from this process is referred 103
to as annealed glass. Subsequent processing, such as bending during which the glass is heated, may require that the glass be annealed again. 2.4.2.3 Tempering Tempering or toughening are terms used interchangeably in the glass industry. Tempering is a secondary process whereby annealed glass is subject to a cycle of carefully controlled heating and subsequent rapid cooling. After all cutting and machining work have been completed on a piece of annealed glass it is run over rollers through a tempering oven, heating it to approximately 1,150° F. On reaching this temperature the glass exits the furnace and is rapidly cooled by airflow over both surfaces simultaneously. The glass first cools and contracts at the surface, but as the interior glass cools and contracts more gradually it pulls the contracted outer surface into high compression. The end result is the core in tension and the surface in compression. (Wigginton 1996, pp.262-263) Improved strength and resistance to thermal stress result from the tempering process. Fully tempered glass is up to four to five times stronger than annealed glass. Tempered glass also possesses a unique behavior when broken; the glass shatters into rounded kernel size pieces without sharp edges. Because of this attribute, tempered glass is sometimes referred to as safety glass, and building codes require its use in doors and other public areas. Tempered glass cannot be worked, cut or drilled; all such working must be completed prior to tempering. Modern day glass produced by the float process is a remarkably flat material of high surface quality. The tempering process involves moving these flat glass panels through a specially designed oven. These ovens are custom in design and can vary substantially in width between fabricators. The tempering oven can be the limiting factor in the maximum glass dimension, and must be considered during façade design, especially if the intent is to use very large pieces of glass. 104
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STRUCTURAL GLASS FACADES: A UNIQUE
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Dedication To my bride, Victoria Me
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One cannot help but burden others w
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6.4 Other Considerations in Glass S
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Table 6-6 Simple truss attributes.
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List of Figures Figure 1.1 Berlin C
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Figure 2.1 Tension rod rigging term
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Figure 2.28 Diagram of low-E functi
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Figure 6.12 New Beijing Poly Plaza;
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Figure 8.7 Glass and the glass manu
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Abstract This thesis formulates a h
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The push by leading architects for
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Barriers to Implementation As with
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The primary focus of this thesis wi
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Chapter 1 - Context 1.1 Structural
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facades as used herein refers to th
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The vaulted enclosure spans six tra
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1.2.2 Architectural Use of Glass It
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the great cathedrals of the period
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1.2.4 Glass as Building Skin Struct
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1.2.5 The Advent of the Curtain Wal
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structure is exposed, and thus beco
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necessarily the case, however. Nort
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and practitioners of this style, Wa
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In the same manner, Mies van der Ro
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1.3.2 Emergence of Structural Glass
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of glass are transparency, transluc
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Opacity is the opposite of transpar
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Willis Faber & Dumas Building Ipswi
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Figure 1.18 Louvre Pyramid by night
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Channel 4 Headquarters London; Rich
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presentations on the technology usu
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was not constructed until the 1950
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1.3.6 Practitioners The following e
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In a common development pattern, se
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from the yachting industry and used
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Page 77 and 78: Oil prices blowing by USD 100 per b
Page 79 and 80: Chapter 2 - Materials, Processes, a
Page 81 and 82: 2.2.1 Structures and Strategies for
Page 83 and 84: 2.2.2 Strongbacks and Glass Fins St
Page 85 and 86: Various geometries are possible, mo
Page 87 and 88: The application of trusses as part
Page 89 and 90: Figure 2.8 Truss identification: br
Page 91 and 92: A large cavity double-skin façade
Page 93 and 94: Fuller later went on to develop ten
Page 95 and 96: stabilized, or closed systems; stab
Page 97 and 98: 2.2.9.2 Cable Net The addition of h
Page 99 and 100: Kieran Kelley-Sneed, a former profe
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Page 103 and 104: or some similar process to produce
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Page 107 and 108: 2.3.3.2 Rods Design innovations are
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Page 111 and 112: Table 2-4 Raw materials used in typ
Page 113 and 114: 2.4.1.6 Laminated Glass Laminated g
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Page 117 and 118: of the spacer, and the application
Page 119 and 120: applied by a process of vacuum (spu
Page 121 and 122: The illustration on the left shows
Page 123: 2.4.1.11 Specifying Glass Specifyin
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Page 129 and 130: glass above). In fact, perhaps owin
Page 131 and 132: “Float glass thickness range from
Page 133 and 134: pieces of glass with a ½” air sp
Page 135 and 136: A measure of heat gain or heat loss
Page 137 and 138: Fortunately, glass producers again
Page 139 and 140: 2.5.2 Stick Systems Most curtain wa
Page 141 and 142: The rainscreen principle has become
Page 143 and 144: with the outer glass surface. This
Page 145 and 146: 2.5.9 Structural Glazing Structural
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Page 149 and 150: Alternatively, structural glass fac
Page 151 and 152: Chapter 3 - Building Products, Proc
Page 153 and 154: New strategies and project delivery
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Page 157 and 158: 3.1.3 Fabrication Fabrication requi
Page 159 and 160: A design/builder may provide instal
Page 161 and 162: 3.2.1.2 Weaknesses of Design/Bid/Bu
Page 163 and 164: The budget can be developed along w
Page 165 and 166: 3.2.3.1 Strengths of Design/Assist
Page 167 and 168: 3.3.1.2 Develop an appropriate surf
Page 169 and 170: 3.3.2.1 Representative Drawings Pla
Page 171 and 172: to related websites. In the case of
Page 173 and 174: 4.2.1 Wizards A common type of desi
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On selection of an exterior color f
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website acts as a resource in suppo
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It is interesting to note that tool
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easons, many interactive tutorials
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“Human Resources In-house expert
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an overall architectural project,
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contextual imagery and a general de
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4.5 The Medium 4.5.1 Print Digital
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cost ranging from 25 to 50 dollars
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Figure 4.8 PowerPoint presentation
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5.1.4 It is conceivable to facilita
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Chapter 1 defines structural glass
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technology into the mainstream cons
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Chapter 6 - Categorization and Orga
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Table 6-2 Morphological categorizat
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6.1.2 Definition of Evaluation Crit
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measure of the relative ease of des
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Material Suppliers and Subcontracto
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to work. There is great opportunity
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eing extremely efficient on a stren
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much as 20-30 percent. Thus, it is
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Figure 6.2 Generalized behavior att
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Design Considerations The strongbac
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Constructability Fabrication: The c
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opportunities for exploring facetin
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Constructability Fabrication: If sp
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square-on-offset-square derived fro
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Glass system interface: Any glass s
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Constructability Fabrication: As di
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Morphology Vertical trusses are ali
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Durability and Maintenance: The con
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Table 6-7 Mast truss attributes. 6.
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problematic, as the structures are
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deflections relative to the façade
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Stability in the cable truss is pro
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Resources and Technology Maturity:
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Installation: Installation is signi
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Design issues: The determination of
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Gymnastics Arena fabric clad tenseg
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Design Considerations Aesthetics: G
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Pre-tension requirements: The cable
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Morphology Cable-hung structures ha
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Glass system interface: The interfa
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Structural Performance Spanning cap
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Structural Efficiency (strength to
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6.2.1 Categorization Scheme Table 6
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6.2.3 Class Comparisons: Applicatio
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Optical Distortion: The heat-treati
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Size Limitation: Viracon, the large
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objective; monolithic panels of low
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equipment. Depending upon these var
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deflections exceed this requirement
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consideration, and should be heat-s
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Transparency Relative transparency
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What follows is a consideration of
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Design issues: These systems must b
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Design Considerations Aesthetics: O
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Constructability Fabrication: All f
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Material Suppliers and Subcontracto
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then treated identically to point-f
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Accommodation of movement: As with
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Geometric flexibility: One of the a
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all-bearing head that provides for
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effectively clamping the glass to t
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Constructability Fabrication: Glass
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For a more sophisticated program us
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lighting costs should also be figur
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Chapter 7 - Tools, Resources, and C
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grid anomalies, and other nonstanda
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7.1 A Simple Case The theory is tha
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7.1.3 Vertical Span / Horizontal Sp
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Figure 7.3 FacadeDesigner.com homep
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The World Wide Web is a unique medi
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Figure 7.5 StructureExplorer Web pa
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This module has not been developed
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deflections. As will be seen, the t
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F af 2 Vm/ryf F y 1- 0.
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F ab 2 Vm/ryb F y 1- 0.
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Calculate front chord stress ratio;
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analysis eliminates the formation o
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Figure 7.9 Dynamic relaxation veloc
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output of the analysis, along with
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Solving for cable force, the additi
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Figure 7.12 FacadeDesigner: select
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Figure 7.13 FacadeDesigner: glass g
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H m = H s / H n V m = V s / V n Or,
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show a vertically oriented glass gr
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FaçadeDesigner is thus linked to S
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elevations, sections and details. T
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inadvertent and unnecessary, and ea
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maximum timeframe. However, the Exp
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Figure 8.2 Introductory page requir
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Figure 8.5 Glass system types are i
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Figure 8.9 Each system type is pres
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application to the AIA/CES to becom
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8.2 Summary The background research
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Long-span façade structures Simpl
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9.1.1 Test Subjects Group A is comp
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The testing of Group A was administ
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Subjective questions 1-5, column 2,
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Table 9-4 Group B, 2nd test results
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Group A 1st Test Correct Respnses I
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y the learning program. This may re
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Group B 1st Test Correct Respnses I
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incorrect responses was 14% in the
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presentation is clearly emboldening
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Figure 9.10 Comparison of group A a
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"Don't Know" Responses by Category;
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Question 10 Tempered glass is
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Group A Incorrect Responses: Change
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This question was answered incorrec
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Perhaps the shift from I-don’t-kn
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Question 14 Glass for point-fixed s
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Please circle one number only for e
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after they were given the presentat
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The average response here fell one
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inclusion in StructureDesigner, and
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V n = number of vertical grid modul
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Table 9-5 Cable net; omparison of t
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H m = horizontal module (ft) H n =
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Table 9-6 Simple truss; comparison
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Chapter 10 - Summary and Conclusion
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pyramid structure when the distribu
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The author is not a Web designer or
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10.2.2 FaçadeDesigner; the Methodo
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Tutorials An objective of FacadeDes
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and load conditions. A testing meth
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The need is for education and resou
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information. Better organization of
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institutions such as the Massachuse
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The important issue of sustainabili
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accommodate application needs from
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10.3.6 Diffusion of Innovation in A
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Bibliography Amato, I 1997. Stuff;
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Cambridge 2000 Gallery 2005. Willis
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Glass skyscraper n.d. Model of glas
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Nardella, M 2007. Interior of Garde
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Seagram Building n.d. Photograph of
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