STRUCTURAL GLASS FACADES - USC School of Architecture

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Chapter 5 - Thesis Intent The first section of this chapter is used to summarize the research of the preceding four chapters, and to reiterate and summarize relevant conclusions. The second section defines the work to be completed in the upcoming chapters. 5.1 Research Summary and Conclusions 5.1.1 Structural glass facades represent a unique building technology. This represents the fundamental hypothesis herein. Chapters 1 and 2 define the technology, establish its lineage, and explore the various ways this technology is differentiated from related building technology. In the process a common nomenclature is presented. In following chapters the technology and various components of the technology will be categorized and further described through comparative analysis. 5.1.2 Structural glass facades can be best categorized by the structural systems used as support. A review of structural glass facades completed to date reveals that the most distinguishing characteristic in virtually every case is the structure. It is the structural systems used in the facades that most differentiates them from related building technology. This hypothesis will be developed in Chapter 6 with a categorization of structure types. 5.1.3 Barriers Exist Clearly, the design/bid/build method is inappropriate for any design involving innovative materials or building technology 173
5.1.4 It is conceivable to facilitate the adoption of innovative technology and thus accelerate its diffusion into the marketplace. Innovative technology often emerges and matures slowly. Structural glass façades have a history of over 30 years, with roots dating back much further. The diffusion of an innovative technology into a culture is a potential; not a given, not simply a matter of time. Without the necessary tools and information to enable aspiring adopters, an innovative technology can languish and even disappear. 5.1.5 The architect is the technology user of most influence. While many are involved in the building process and require varying levels of competency; the owner, consultant, contractor, material supplier, and building engineer, the architect is the key player, the generator of new projects, the engine of diffusion with respect to innovative building technology. The architect evaluates, selects and specifies the systems and materials used to construct. The most potent strategy in diffusing an innovative technology in the building arts is to get the design community to deliver more designs incorporating the technology. This means both enabling and inspiring the designers to use the technology. 5.1.6 The provision of learning and information resources is critical to the adoption of the technology. Structural glass facade technology is comprised of many unique considerations, including diverse techniques, materials and processes with which the designer must have familiarity. 5.1.7 Specialized technology requires specialized project delivery strategies and design methodologies. Implementation is always an issue with innovative building technology, and creative strategies for project delivery are critical to project realization and ultimately to the diffusion 174
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STRUCTURAL GLASS FACADES: A UNIQUE
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Dedication To my bride, Victoria Me
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One cannot help but burden others w
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6.4 Other Considerations in Glass S
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Table 6-6 Simple truss attributes.
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List of Figures Figure 1.1 Berlin C
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Figure 2.1 Tension rod rigging term
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Figure 2.28 Diagram of low-E functi
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Figure 6.12 New Beijing Poly Plaza;
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Figure 8.7 Glass and the glass manu
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Abstract This thesis formulates a h
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The push by leading architects for
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Barriers to Implementation As with
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The primary focus of this thesis wi
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Chapter 1 - Context 1.1 Structural
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facades as used herein refers to th
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The vaulted enclosure spans six tra
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1.2.2 Architectural Use of Glass It
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the great cathedrals of the period
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1.2.4 Glass as Building Skin Struct
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1.2.5 The Advent of the Curtain Wal
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structure is exposed, and thus beco
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necessarily the case, however. Nort
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and practitioners of this style, Wa
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In the same manner, Mies van der Ro
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1.3.2 Emergence of Structural Glass
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of glass are transparency, transluc
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Opacity is the opposite of transpar
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Willis Faber & Dumas Building Ipswi
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Figure 1.18 Louvre Pyramid by night
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Channel 4 Headquarters London; Rich
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presentations on the technology usu
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was not constructed until the 1950
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1.3.6 Practitioners The following e
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In a common development pattern, se
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from the yachting industry and used
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imitation reveals itself here; repe
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their lack of familiarity with it.
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Oil prices blowing by USD 100 per b
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Chapter 2 - Materials, Processes, a
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2.2.1 Structures and Strategies for
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2.2.2 Strongbacks and Glass Fins St
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Various geometries are possible, mo
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The application of trusses as part
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Figure 2.8 Truss identification: br
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A large cavity double-skin façade
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Fuller later went on to develop ten
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stabilized, or closed systems; stab
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2.2.9.2 Cable Net The addition of h
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Kieran Kelley-Sneed, a former profe
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these materials. High performance t
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or some similar process to produce
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Individual wires are fist twisted i
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2.3.3.2 Rods Design innovations are
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processing adding value in some man
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Table 2-4 Raw materials used in typ
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2.4.1.6 Laminated Glass Laminated g
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laminated panel comprised of a temp
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of the spacer, and the application
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applied by a process of vacuum (spu
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The illustration on the left shows
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2.4.1.11 Specifying Glass Specifyin
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to as annealed glass. Subsequent pr
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later) may exhibit worsened distort
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glass above). In fact, perhaps owin
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“Float glass thickness range from
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pieces of glass with a ½” air sp
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A measure of heat gain or heat loss
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Fortunately, glass producers again
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2.5.2 Stick Systems Most curtain wa
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The rainscreen principle has become
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Page 145 and 146: 2.5.9 Structural Glazing Structural
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Page 149 and 150: Alternatively, structural glass fac
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Page 157 and 158: 3.1.3 Fabrication Fabrication requi
Page 159 and 160: A design/builder may provide instal
Page 161 and 162: 3.2.1.2 Weaknesses of Design/Bid/Bu
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Page 165 and 166: 3.2.3.1 Strengths of Design/Assist
Page 167 and 168: 3.3.1.2 Develop an appropriate surf
Page 169 and 170: 3.3.2.1 Representative Drawings Pla
Page 171 and 172: to related websites. In the case of
Page 173 and 174: 4.2.1 Wizards A common type of desi
Page 175 and 176: On selection of an exterior color f
Page 177 and 178: website acts as a resource in suppo
Page 179 and 180: It is interesting to note that tool
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Page 187 and 188: contextual imagery and a general de
Page 189 and 190: 4.5 The Medium 4.5.1 Print Digital
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Page 193: Figure 4.8 PowerPoint presentation
Page 197 and 198: Chapter 1 defines structural glass
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Page 201 and 202: Chapter 6 - Categorization and Orga
Page 203 and 204: Table 6-2 Morphological categorizat
Page 205 and 206: 6.1.2 Definition of Evaluation Crit
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Page 217 and 218: Figure 6.2 Generalized behavior att
Page 219 and 220: Design Considerations The strongbac
Page 221 and 222: Constructability Fabrication: The c
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Page 225 and 226: Constructability Fabrication: If sp
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Page 229 and 230: Glass system interface: Any glass s
Page 231 and 232: Constructability Fabrication: As di
Page 233 and 234: Morphology Vertical trusses are ali
Page 235 and 236: Durability and Maintenance: The con
Page 237 and 238: Table 6-7 Mast truss attributes. 6.
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Resources and Technology Maturity:
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Installation: Installation is signi
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Design issues: The determination of
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Gymnastics Arena fabric clad tenseg
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Design Considerations Aesthetics: G
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Pre-tension requirements: The cable
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Morphology Cable-hung structures ha
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Glass system interface: The interfa
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Structural Performance Spanning cap
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Structural Efficiency (strength to
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6.2.1 Categorization Scheme Table 6
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6.2.3 Class Comparisons: Applicatio
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Optical Distortion: The heat-treati
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Size Limitation: Viracon, the large
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objective; monolithic panels of low
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equipment. Depending upon these var
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deflections exceed this requirement
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consideration, and should be heat-s
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Transparency Relative transparency
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What follows is a consideration of
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Design issues: These systems must b
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Design Considerations Aesthetics: O
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Constructability Fabrication: All f
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Material Suppliers and Subcontracto
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then treated identically to point-f
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Accommodation of movement: As with
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Geometric flexibility: One of the a
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all-bearing head that provides for
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effectively clamping the glass to t
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Constructability Fabrication: Glass
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For a more sophisticated program us
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lighting costs should also be figur
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Chapter 7 - Tools, Resources, and C
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grid anomalies, and other nonstanda
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7.1 A Simple Case The theory is tha
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7.1.3 Vertical Span / Horizontal Sp
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Figure 7.3 FacadeDesigner.com homep
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The World Wide Web is a unique medi
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Figure 7.5 StructureExplorer Web pa
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This module has not been developed
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deflections. As will be seen, the t
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F af 2 Vm/ryf F y 1- 0.
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F ab 2 Vm/ryb F y 1- 0.
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Calculate front chord stress ratio;
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analysis eliminates the formation o
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Figure 7.9 Dynamic relaxation veloc
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output of the analysis, along with
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Solving for cable force, the additi
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Figure 7.12 FacadeDesigner: select
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Figure 7.13 FacadeDesigner: glass g
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H m = H s / H n V m = V s / V n Or,
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show a vertically oriented glass gr
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FaçadeDesigner is thus linked to S
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elevations, sections and details. T
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inadvertent and unnecessary, and ea
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maximum timeframe. However, the Exp
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Figure 8.2 Introductory page requir
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Figure 8.5 Glass system types are i
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Figure 8.9 Each system type is pres
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application to the AIA/CES to becom
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8.2 Summary The background research
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Long-span façade structures Simpl
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9.1.1 Test Subjects Group A is comp
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The testing of Group A was administ
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Subjective questions 1-5, column 2,
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Table 9-4 Group B, 2nd test results
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Group A 1st Test Correct Respnses I
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y the learning program. This may re
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Group B 1st Test Correct Respnses I
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incorrect responses was 14% in the
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presentation is clearly emboldening
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Figure 9.10 Comparison of group A a
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"Don't Know" Responses by Category;
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Question 10 Tempered glass is
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Group A Incorrect Responses: Change
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This question was answered incorrec
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Perhaps the shift from I-don’t-kn
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Question 14 Glass for point-fixed s
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Please circle one number only for e
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after they were given the presentat
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The average response here fell one
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inclusion in StructureDesigner, and
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V n = number of vertical grid modul
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Table 9-5 Cable net; omparison of t
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H m = horizontal module (ft) H n =
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Table 9-6 Simple truss; comparison
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Chapter 10 - Summary and Conclusion
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pyramid structure when the distribu
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The author is not a Web designer or
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10.2.2 FaçadeDesigner; the Methodo
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Tutorials An objective of FacadeDes
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and load conditions. A testing meth
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The need is for education and resou
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information. Better organization of
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institutions such as the Massachuse
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The important issue of sustainabili
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accommodate application needs from
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10.3.6 Diffusion of Innovation in A
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Bibliography Amato, I 1997. Stuff;
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Cambridge 2000 Gallery 2005. Willis
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Glass skyscraper n.d. Model of glas
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Nardella, M 2007. Interior of Garde
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Seagram Building n.d. Photograph of
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STRUCTURAL GLASS FACADES - USC School of Architecture

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