STRUCTURAL GLASS FACADES - USC School of Architecture

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Rice, P 1994. An Engineer Imagines, 2 nd edn, Artemis, London. Rice, P & Dutton H 1995. Structural glass. New York: E & FN Spon. Rogers, Everett M. (2003). Diffusion of Innovations, Fifth Edition. New York, NY: Free Press. Rothrock, J 2000. One North Wacker drive, Glass magazine, June, accessed 30 March 2008, Ryan, A 2007. Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art, digital photograph, arcspace.com, accessed 22 March 2008, http://www.arcspace.com/architects/Steven_Holl/nelson1/nelson1.html Sage n.d., How Sageglass technology works, Sage Electrochromics, accessed 12 March 2008, http://www.sage-ec.com/pages/howworks.html Sarkisian, M, Mathias, N, Mazeika, A 2007. ‘Suspending the limits,’ Civil Engineering, November, accessed 22 March 2008, http://pubs.asce.org/magazines/CEMag/2007/Issue_11-07/article1.htm Schierle, G G n.d. Structures, School of Architecture, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, accessed 7 February 2008, Schierle, G. G., ed., 1968. Lightweight tension structures. Department of Architecture, University of California, Berkley, California. Schierle, G. G., 1968. Prestressed trusses. G.G. Schierle, Berkley, California. Schierle, G. G., 2008. Structure and design, Universal Publishers, Los Angeles. Schittich, C ed 2001. In detail: building skins, concepts, layers, materials, : Birkhäuser, Basel. Schittich, C & Staib, G & Balkow, D & Schuler, M & SOBEK, W 1999. Glass construction manual, Institute for International Architecture-Documentation, Munich. Schlaich, J., 2004. Leicht Weit/Light Structures. Prestel. Schlaich, J & Gugeler, J 2005. ‘Berlin Hauptbahnhof – Lehrter Bahnhof’, Detail, December, pp.1-3. Schlaich, J & Schober, H 1994. ‘Glass-covered lightweight spatial structures’ in J Abel & J Leonard & C Penalba eds, Spatial, lattice and tension structures, IASS-ASCE International Symposium, Atlanta, page 1-27 Schoeberg, H & Kürschner, K & Schneider, J & Justiz, S 2005. ‘Innovative applications,’ Glass in style, 10/2005, accessed 23 February 2008, < http://www.gimav.it/glassinstyle/ottobre/tecnology.pdf> SCHODEK, D., 2003. Structures, Fifth Edition, Prentice Hall 427
Seagram Building n.d. Photograph of Seagram Building, www.skyscraper.org, accessed 22 March 2008, http://www.google.com/imgresimgurl=http://www.skyscraper.org/Pics/fav_seagr am.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.skyscraper.org/EXHIBITIONS/FAVORITES/fav_se agram.htm&h=127&w=82&sz=87&tbnid=TrSI0nsonQoJ:&tbnh=127&tbnw=82&p rev=/images%3Fq%3Dseagram%2Bbuilding&sa=X&oi=image_result&resnum=1 &ct=image&cd=1 Shankbone, D 2007. Photograph of Lever House, wikipedia, accessed 22 March 2008, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Lever_House_by_David_Shankbone.jpg Sommerhoff, E 2003. Diamond in the rough – Murphy/Jahn Architects / Former Halo Headquarters / Niles, Illinois. Architecture, January, p.85-87. Snelson K 1968. Needle Tower, image of tensegrity sculpture by Snelson, accessed 16 February 2008, http://www.kennethsnelson.net/icons/scul.htm Space Gass 2008. accessed 18 March 2008, < http://www.spacegass.com/> Sullivan, M n.d. The Gage Building, digital photograph, accessed 22 March 2008, http://www.bluffton.edu/~sullivanm/chisull/chisull2.html Sta-Lok 2008. Tension rod termination samples, digital photograph, accessed 22 March 2008, http://www.stalok.com/online_shop_families.aspsector=Architecture&sec_id=1 570 Tirolo, Vincent. ‘The Contractor's Competitive Edge: Means and Methods’, Transportation Research Board (Journal). Volume 1656 / 1999, Pages 1-5. Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, 1999. Trace Center 2007. University of Wisconsin, Madison, accessed 1 February 2008, http://trace.wisc.edu TriPyramid 2005. Glass connection detail from Hayden Planetarium, digital photograph, TryPyramid Structures, accessed 12 March 2008, http://www.tripyramid.com/projects/princeton.html Tuchman, J & Ho-Chul, S 1986. ‘Olympic domes first of their kind,’ Engineering News Record, 6 March 1086, accessed 16 February 2008, < http://www.columbia.edu/cu/gsapp/BT/DOMES/SEOUL/s-olymp.html> Turner, D ed. 1977. Window glass design guide, Architectural Press Ltd, London. U.S. Green Building Council 2002, LEED Green Building Rating System For New Construction & Major Renovations, (LEED-NC) Version 2.1, 2002, revised 3/14/03 U.S. Green Building Council 2008, Welcome to USGBC, US Green Building Council, Washington, D.C., accessed 1 February 2008, < http://www.usgbc.org/> 428
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STRUCTURAL GLASS FACADES: A UNIQUE
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Dedication To my bride, Victoria Me
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One cannot help but burden others w
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6.4 Other Considerations in Glass S
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Table 6-6 Simple truss attributes.
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List of Figures Figure 1.1 Berlin C
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Figure 2.1 Tension rod rigging term
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Figure 2.28 Diagram of low-E functi
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Figure 6.12 New Beijing Poly Plaza;
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Figure 8.7 Glass and the glass manu
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Abstract This thesis formulates a h
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The push by leading architects for
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Barriers to Implementation As with
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The primary focus of this thesis wi
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Chapter 1 - Context 1.1 Structural
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facades as used herein refers to th
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The vaulted enclosure spans six tra
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1.2.2 Architectural Use of Glass It
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the great cathedrals of the period
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1.2.4 Glass as Building Skin Struct
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1.2.5 The Advent of the Curtain Wal
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structure is exposed, and thus beco
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necessarily the case, however. Nort
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and practitioners of this style, Wa
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In the same manner, Mies van der Ro
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1.3.2 Emergence of Structural Glass
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of glass are transparency, transluc
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Opacity is the opposite of transpar
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Willis Faber & Dumas Building Ipswi
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Figure 1.18 Louvre Pyramid by night
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Channel 4 Headquarters London; Rich
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presentations on the technology usu
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was not constructed until the 1950
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1.3.6 Practitioners The following e
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In a common development pattern, se
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from the yachting industry and used
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imitation reveals itself here; repe
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their lack of familiarity with it.
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Oil prices blowing by USD 100 per b
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Chapter 2 - Materials, Processes, a
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2.2.1 Structures and Strategies for
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2.2.2 Strongbacks and Glass Fins St
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Various geometries are possible, mo
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The application of trusses as part
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Figure 2.8 Truss identification: br
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A large cavity double-skin façade
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Fuller later went on to develop ten
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stabilized, or closed systems; stab
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2.2.9.2 Cable Net The addition of h
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Kieran Kelley-Sneed, a former profe
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these materials. High performance t
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or some similar process to produce
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Individual wires are fist twisted i
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2.3.3.2 Rods Design innovations are
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processing adding value in some man
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Table 2-4 Raw materials used in typ
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2.4.1.6 Laminated Glass Laminated g
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laminated panel comprised of a temp
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of the spacer, and the application
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applied by a process of vacuum (spu
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The illustration on the left shows
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2.4.1.11 Specifying Glass Specifyin
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to as annealed glass. Subsequent pr
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later) may exhibit worsened distort
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glass above). In fact, perhaps owin
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“Float glass thickness range from
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pieces of glass with a ½” air sp
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A measure of heat gain or heat loss
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Fortunately, glass producers again
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2.5.2 Stick Systems Most curtain wa
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The rainscreen principle has become
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with the outer glass surface. This
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2.5.9 Structural Glazing Structural
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frequently mechanically attaché th
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Alternatively, structural glass fac
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Chapter 3 - Building Products, Proc
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New strategies and project delivery
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costs are extremely low throughout
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3.1.3 Fabrication Fabrication requi
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A design/builder may provide instal
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3.2.1.2 Weaknesses of Design/Bid/Bu
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The budget can be developed along w
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3.2.3.1 Strengths of Design/Assist
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3.3.1.2 Develop an appropriate surf
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3.3.2.1 Representative Drawings Pla
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to related websites. In the case of
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4.2.1 Wizards A common type of desi
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On selection of an exterior color f
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website acts as a resource in suppo
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It is interesting to note that tool
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easons, many interactive tutorials
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“Human Resources In-house expert
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an overall architectural project,
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contextual imagery and a general de
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4.5 The Medium 4.5.1 Print Digital
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cost ranging from 25 to 50 dollars
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Figure 4.8 PowerPoint presentation
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5.1.4 It is conceivable to facilita
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Chapter 1 defines structural glass
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technology into the mainstream cons
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Chapter 6 - Categorization and Orga
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Table 6-2 Morphological categorizat
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6.1.2 Definition of Evaluation Crit
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measure of the relative ease of des
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Material Suppliers and Subcontracto
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to work. There is great opportunity
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eing extremely efficient on a stren
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much as 20-30 percent. Thus, it is
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Figure 6.2 Generalized behavior att
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Design Considerations The strongbac
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Constructability Fabrication: The c
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opportunities for exploring facetin
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Constructability Fabrication: If sp
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square-on-offset-square derived fro
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Glass system interface: Any glass s
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Constructability Fabrication: As di
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Morphology Vertical trusses are ali
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Durability and Maintenance: The con
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Table 6-7 Mast truss attributes. 6.
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problematic, as the structures are
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deflections relative to the façade
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Stability in the cable truss is pro
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Resources and Technology Maturity:
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Installation: Installation is signi
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Design issues: The determination of
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Gymnastics Arena fabric clad tenseg
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Design Considerations Aesthetics: G
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Pre-tension requirements: The cable
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Morphology Cable-hung structures ha
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Glass system interface: The interfa
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Structural Performance Spanning cap
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Structural Efficiency (strength to
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6.2.1 Categorization Scheme Table 6
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6.2.3 Class Comparisons: Applicatio
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Optical Distortion: The heat-treati
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Size Limitation: Viracon, the large
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objective; monolithic panels of low
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equipment. Depending upon these var
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deflections exceed this requirement
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consideration, and should be heat-s
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Transparency Relative transparency
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What follows is a consideration of
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Design issues: These systems must b
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Design Considerations Aesthetics: O
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Constructability Fabrication: All f
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Material Suppliers and Subcontracto
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then treated identically to point-f
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Accommodation of movement: As with
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Geometric flexibility: One of the a
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all-bearing head that provides for
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effectively clamping the glass to t
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Constructability Fabrication: Glass
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For a more sophisticated program us
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lighting costs should also be figur
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Chapter 7 - Tools, Resources, and C
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grid anomalies, and other nonstanda
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7.1 A Simple Case The theory is tha
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7.1.3 Vertical Span / Horizontal Sp
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Figure 7.3 FacadeDesigner.com homep
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The World Wide Web is a unique medi
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Figure 7.5 StructureExplorer Web pa
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This module has not been developed
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deflections. As will be seen, the t
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F af 2 Vm/ryf F y 1- 0.
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F ab 2 Vm/ryb F y 1- 0.
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Calculate front chord stress ratio;
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analysis eliminates the formation o
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Figure 7.9 Dynamic relaxation veloc
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output of the analysis, along with
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Solving for cable force, the additi
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Figure 7.12 FacadeDesigner: select
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Figure 7.13 FacadeDesigner: glass g
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H m = H s / H n V m = V s / V n Or,
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show a vertically oriented glass gr
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FaçadeDesigner is thus linked to S
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elevations, sections and details. T
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inadvertent and unnecessary, and ea
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maximum timeframe. However, the Exp
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Figure 8.2 Introductory page requir
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Figure 8.5 Glass system types are i
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Figure 8.9 Each system type is pres
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application to the AIA/CES to becom
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8.2 Summary The background research
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Long-span façade structures Simpl
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9.1.1 Test Subjects Group A is comp
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The testing of Group A was administ
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Subjective questions 1-5, column 2,
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Table 9-4 Group B, 2nd test results
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Group A 1st Test Correct Respnses I
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y the learning program. This may re
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Group B 1st Test Correct Respnses I
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incorrect responses was 14% in the
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presentation is clearly emboldening
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Figure 9.10 Comparison of group A a
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"Don't Know" Responses by Category;
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Question 10 Tempered glass is
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Group A Incorrect Responses: Change
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This question was answered incorrec
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Page 399 and 400: Question 14 Glass for point-fixed s
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Page 409 and 410: V n = number of vertical grid modul
Page 411 and 412: Table 9-5 Cable net; omparison of t
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Page 415 and 416: Table 9-6 Simple truss; comparison
Page 417 and 418: Chapter 10 - Summary and Conclusion
Page 419 and 420: pyramid structure when the distribu
Page 421 and 422: The author is not a Web designer or
Page 423 and 424: 10.2.2 FaçadeDesigner; the Methodo
Page 425 and 426: Tutorials An objective of FacadeDes
Page 427 and 428: and load conditions. A testing meth
Page 429 and 430: The need is for education and resou
Page 431 and 432: information. Better organization of
Page 433 and 434: institutions such as the Massachuse
Page 435 and 436: The important issue of sustainabili
Page 437 and 438: accommodate application needs from
Page 439 and 440: 10.3.6 Diffusion of Innovation in A
Page 441 and 442: Bibliography Amato, I 1997. Stuff;
Page 443 and 444: Cambridge 2000 Gallery 2005. Willis
Page 445 and 446: Glass skyscraper n.d. Model of glas
Page 447: Nardella, M 2007. Interior of Garde
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