STRUCTURAL GLASS FACADES - USC School of Architecture

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7.4.4.6 Step 6: Estimating and Design Development Figure 7.20 represents the various output from the process. The output is intended to support further design development, the estimating process, and the preparation of a performance-based design/build bid package as discussed in Chapter 3. It is conceivable to develop an estimating template for each façade system type to facilitate the estimating process by the design team as part of future work. Figure 7.20 FacadeDesigner: select output. 7.4.4.7 Step 7: Design/Build Bid Documents The final step in the process is the preparation and assembly of design/build bid documents as discussed in Chapter 3.3.2. If the façade system is designed around one of the basic systems included in the FacadeDesigner, the designer will be directed to typical plans, 329
elevations, sections and details. These should provide a useful reference for the designer in adapting these same materials to the specific project needs. The designer will also be directed to relevant specification information as a result of the glass and structure inputs made in FaçadeDesigner. Sample specifications in standard CSI (Construction Specifications Institute) format would allow for the designer to mix and match according to the project requirements. SpecBuilder is conceived as an expert system capable of automating the assembly of a project specification based on user responses to a series of questions. The information gathered in FaçadeDesigner could be passed to this system as initial input. 7.5 Designing for Simplicity One of the less apparent potential benefits of the design strategy suggested by the methodology in Figure 7.1 is the opportunity for the architect to design the building and the building interface in a manner that anticipates and accommodates the façade requirements. With the intent of using structural glass façade technology but without early involvement from a specialist consultant, designers often simply leave a “hole” in the design where the façade goes and continue on with the design of the building. A specialty consultant or design/build firm is then later brought in to provide this service. This often leads to unnecessary complexities when the façade system is designed to “fill the hole.” The opportunity here is for more of a “product” approach to the façade system, not in a manner that limits the design, but in the sense that properties of the system defined early in the process can be easily accommodated in the building design. In fact, this is an effective way to manage considerable design complexity while mitigating the associated cost. With a typical standardized window product, the designer just needs to know basic information, like the size and construction of the required opening, to facilitate the installation of the window. 330
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STRUCTURAL GLASS FACADES: A UNIQUE
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Dedication To my bride, Victoria Me
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One cannot help but burden others w
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6.4 Other Considerations in Glass S
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Table 6-6 Simple truss attributes.
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List of Figures Figure 1.1 Berlin C
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Figure 2.1 Tension rod rigging term
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Figure 2.28 Diagram of low-E functi
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Figure 6.12 New Beijing Poly Plaza;
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Figure 8.7 Glass and the glass manu
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Abstract This thesis formulates a h
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The push by leading architects for
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Barriers to Implementation As with
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The primary focus of this thesis wi
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Chapter 1 - Context 1.1 Structural
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facades as used herein refers to th
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The vaulted enclosure spans six tra
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1.2.2 Architectural Use of Glass It
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the great cathedrals of the period
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1.2.4 Glass as Building Skin Struct
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1.2.5 The Advent of the Curtain Wal
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structure is exposed, and thus beco
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necessarily the case, however. Nort
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and practitioners of this style, Wa
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In the same manner, Mies van der Ro
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1.3.2 Emergence of Structural Glass
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of glass are transparency, transluc
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Opacity is the opposite of transpar
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Willis Faber & Dumas Building Ipswi
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Figure 1.18 Louvre Pyramid by night
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Channel 4 Headquarters London; Rich
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presentations on the technology usu
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was not constructed until the 1950
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1.3.6 Practitioners The following e
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In a common development pattern, se
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from the yachting industry and used
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imitation reveals itself here; repe
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their lack of familiarity with it.
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Oil prices blowing by USD 100 per b
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Chapter 2 - Materials, Processes, a
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2.2.1 Structures and Strategies for
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2.2.2 Strongbacks and Glass Fins St
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Various geometries are possible, mo
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The application of trusses as part
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Figure 2.8 Truss identification: br
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A large cavity double-skin façade
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Fuller later went on to develop ten
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stabilized, or closed systems; stab
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2.2.9.2 Cable Net The addition of h
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Kieran Kelley-Sneed, a former profe
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these materials. High performance t
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or some similar process to produce
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Individual wires are fist twisted i
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2.3.3.2 Rods Design innovations are
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processing adding value in some man
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Table 2-4 Raw materials used in typ
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2.4.1.6 Laminated Glass Laminated g
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laminated panel comprised of a temp
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of the spacer, and the application
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applied by a process of vacuum (spu
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The illustration on the left shows
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2.4.1.11 Specifying Glass Specifyin
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to as annealed glass. Subsequent pr
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later) may exhibit worsened distort
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glass above). In fact, perhaps owin
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“Float glass thickness range from
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pieces of glass with a ½” air sp
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A measure of heat gain or heat loss
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Fortunately, glass producers again
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2.5.2 Stick Systems Most curtain wa
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The rainscreen principle has become
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with the outer glass surface. This
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2.5.9 Structural Glazing Structural
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frequently mechanically attaché th
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Alternatively, structural glass fac
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Chapter 3 - Building Products, Proc
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New strategies and project delivery
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costs are extremely low throughout
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3.1.3 Fabrication Fabrication requi
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A design/builder may provide instal
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3.2.1.2 Weaknesses of Design/Bid/Bu
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The budget can be developed along w
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3.2.3.1 Strengths of Design/Assist
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3.3.1.2 Develop an appropriate surf
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3.3.2.1 Representative Drawings Pla
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to related websites. In the case of
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4.2.1 Wizards A common type of desi
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On selection of an exterior color f
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website acts as a resource in suppo
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It is interesting to note that tool
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easons, many interactive tutorials
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“Human Resources In-house expert
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an overall architectural project,
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contextual imagery and a general de
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4.5 The Medium 4.5.1 Print Digital
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cost ranging from 25 to 50 dollars
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Figure 4.8 PowerPoint presentation
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5.1.4 It is conceivable to facilita
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Chapter 1 defines structural glass
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technology into the mainstream cons
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Chapter 6 - Categorization and Orga
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Table 6-2 Morphological categorizat
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6.1.2 Definition of Evaluation Crit
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measure of the relative ease of des
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Material Suppliers and Subcontracto
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to work. There is great opportunity
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eing extremely efficient on a stren
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much as 20-30 percent. Thus, it is
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Figure 6.2 Generalized behavior att
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Design Considerations The strongbac
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Constructability Fabrication: The c
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opportunities for exploring facetin
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Constructability Fabrication: If sp
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square-on-offset-square derived fro
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Glass system interface: Any glass s
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Constructability Fabrication: As di
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Morphology Vertical trusses are ali
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Durability and Maintenance: The con
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Table 6-7 Mast truss attributes. 6.
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problematic, as the structures are
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deflections relative to the façade
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Stability in the cable truss is pro
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Resources and Technology Maturity:
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Installation: Installation is signi
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Design issues: The determination of
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Gymnastics Arena fabric clad tenseg
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Design Considerations Aesthetics: G
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Pre-tension requirements: The cable
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Morphology Cable-hung structures ha
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Glass system interface: The interfa
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Structural Performance Spanning cap
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Structural Efficiency (strength to
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6.2.1 Categorization Scheme Table 6
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6.2.3 Class Comparisons: Applicatio
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Optical Distortion: The heat-treati
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Size Limitation: Viracon, the large
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objective; monolithic panels of low
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equipment. Depending upon these var
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deflections exceed this requirement
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consideration, and should be heat-s
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Transparency Relative transparency
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What follows is a consideration of
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Design issues: These systems must b
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Design Considerations Aesthetics: O
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Constructability Fabrication: All f
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Material Suppliers and Subcontracto
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then treated identically to point-f
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Accommodation of movement: As with
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Geometric flexibility: One of the a
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Page 303 and 304: Constructability Fabrication: Glass
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Page 309 and 310: Chapter 7 - Tools, Resources, and C
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Page 315 and 316: 7.1.3 Vertical Span / Horizontal Sp
Page 317 and 318: Figure 7.3 FacadeDesigner.com homep
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Page 321 and 322: Figure 7.5 StructureExplorer Web pa
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Page 335 and 336: Figure 7.9 Dynamic relaxation veloc
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Page 341 and 342: Figure 7.12 FacadeDesigner: select
Page 343 and 344: Figure 7.13 FacadeDesigner: glass g
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Page 361 and 362: Figure 8.9 Each system type is pres
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Page 365 and 366: 8.2 Summary The background research
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Page 369 and 370: 9.1.1 Test Subjects Group A is comp
Page 371 and 372: The testing of Group A was administ
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Page 375 and 376: Table 9-4 Group B, 2nd test results
Page 377 and 378: Group A 1st Test Correct Respnses I
Page 379 and 380: y the learning program. This may re
Page 381 and 382: Group B 1st Test Correct Respnses I
Page 383 and 384: incorrect responses was 14% in the
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Page 387 and 388: Figure 9.10 Comparison of group A a
Page 389 and 390: "Don't Know" Responses by Category;
Page 391 and 392: Question 10 Tempered glass is
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Page 399 and 400: Question 14 Glass for point-fixed s
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Please circle one number only for e
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after they were given the presentat
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The average response here fell one
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inclusion in StructureDesigner, and
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V n = number of vertical grid modul
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Table 9-5 Cable net; omparison of t
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H m = horizontal module (ft) H n =
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Table 9-6 Simple truss; comparison
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Chapter 10 - Summary and Conclusion
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pyramid structure when the distribu
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The author is not a Web designer or
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10.2.2 FaçadeDesigner; the Methodo
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Tutorials An objective of FacadeDes
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and load conditions. A testing meth
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The need is for education and resou
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information. Better organization of
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institutions such as the Massachuse
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The important issue of sustainabili
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accommodate application needs from
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10.3.6 Diffusion of Innovation in A
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Bibliography Amato, I 1997. Stuff;
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Cambridge 2000 Gallery 2005. Willis
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Glass skyscraper n.d. Model of glas
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Nardella, M 2007. Interior of Garde
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Seagram Building n.d. Photograph of
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