STRUCTURAL GLASS FACADES - USC School of Architecture

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The Sweets Network presents an extensive online group of case studies organized by building type (McGraw Hill Construction Sweets Network 2008). At the same location, links are provided to case studies by the suppliers of various materials. Detail is an excellent architectural magazine built around a case study format, with themed issues ranging from facades to concrete construction. Detail generally manages to live up to its name in providing in-depth content, and their website maintains an archive of case studies that can be viewed online or downloaded for a small fee. (Detail portal for architecture 2008). Intelligent Skins is an example of a book that presents topic chapters of information followed by, in this case, 22 case studies. (Wigginton 2002) Case studies range in content from superficial, with little but pretty pictures and general description, to comprehensive, with extensive detail information. A few images accompanied by some marketing text, as often found within product supplier’s websites, does not constitute a case study. The text should be free of “sales pitch” and obvious marketing language, and should attempt to tell a meaningful story. A good case study will present a problem and work towards the solution. There is quite often a lot of blood, sweat and teams buried beneath the buildings featured in those coffee-table architecture books; good case studies reveal the pain in story format, and thus provide a learning opportunity for the reader. Exemplary case studies contain the following at minimum: 165
contextual imagery and a general description of the project. key project statistics; size, quantity, duration, cost, as relevant. imagery ranging from contextual through midrange to detail. drawings as required to communicate key concepts and details. descriptive test to accompany imagery and drawings. charts and graphs to visually communicate critical data. extensive project credits. The American Institute of Architects (AIA) has launched a case study initiative in recognition of the value the format brings to the profession. The case studies are intended to document recent and ongoing architectural projects. They chart the following benefits of the case study (American Institute of Architects 2008a): 166
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STRUCTURAL GLASS FACADES: A UNIQUE
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Dedication To my bride, Victoria Me
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One cannot help but burden others w
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6.4 Other Considerations in Glass S
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Table 6-6 Simple truss attributes.
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List of Figures Figure 1.1 Berlin C
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Figure 2.1 Tension rod rigging term
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Figure 2.28 Diagram of low-E functi
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Figure 6.12 New Beijing Poly Plaza;
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Figure 8.7 Glass and the glass manu
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Abstract This thesis formulates a h
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The push by leading architects for
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Barriers to Implementation As with
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The primary focus of this thesis wi
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Chapter 1 - Context 1.1 Structural
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facades as used herein refers to th
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The vaulted enclosure spans six tra
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1.2.2 Architectural Use of Glass It
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the great cathedrals of the period
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1.2.4 Glass as Building Skin Struct
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1.2.5 The Advent of the Curtain Wal
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structure is exposed, and thus beco
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necessarily the case, however. Nort
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and practitioners of this style, Wa
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In the same manner, Mies van der Ro
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1.3.2 Emergence of Structural Glass
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of glass are transparency, transluc
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Opacity is the opposite of transpar
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Willis Faber & Dumas Building Ipswi
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Figure 1.18 Louvre Pyramid by night
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Channel 4 Headquarters London; Rich
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presentations on the technology usu
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was not constructed until the 1950
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1.3.6 Practitioners The following e
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In a common development pattern, se
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from the yachting industry and used
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imitation reveals itself here; repe
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their lack of familiarity with it.
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Oil prices blowing by USD 100 per b
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Chapter 2 - Materials, Processes, a
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2.2.1 Structures and Strategies for
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2.2.2 Strongbacks and Glass Fins St
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Various geometries are possible, mo
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The application of trusses as part
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Figure 2.8 Truss identification: br
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A large cavity double-skin façade
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Fuller later went on to develop ten
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stabilized, or closed systems; stab
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2.2.9.2 Cable Net The addition of h
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Kieran Kelley-Sneed, a former profe
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these materials. High performance t
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or some similar process to produce
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Individual wires are fist twisted i
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2.3.3.2 Rods Design innovations are
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processing adding value in some man
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Table 2-4 Raw materials used in typ
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2.4.1.6 Laminated Glass Laminated g
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laminated panel comprised of a temp
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of the spacer, and the application
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applied by a process of vacuum (spu
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The illustration on the left shows
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2.4.1.11 Specifying Glass Specifyin
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to as annealed glass. Subsequent pr
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later) may exhibit worsened distort
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glass above). In fact, perhaps owin
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“Float glass thickness range from
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pieces of glass with a ½” air sp
Page 135 and 136: A measure of heat gain or heat loss
Page 137 and 138: Fortunately, glass producers again
Page 139 and 140: 2.5.2 Stick Systems Most curtain wa
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Page 145 and 146: 2.5.9 Structural Glazing Structural
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Page 149 and 150: Alternatively, structural glass fac
Page 151 and 152: Chapter 3 - Building Products, Proc
Page 153 and 154: New strategies and project delivery
Page 155 and 156: costs are extremely low throughout
Page 157 and 158: 3.1.3 Fabrication Fabrication requi
Page 159 and 160: A design/builder may provide instal
Page 161 and 162: 3.2.1.2 Weaknesses of Design/Bid/Bu
Page 163 and 164: The budget can be developed along w
Page 165 and 166: 3.2.3.1 Strengths of Design/Assist
Page 167 and 168: 3.3.1.2 Develop an appropriate surf
Page 169 and 170: 3.3.2.1 Representative Drawings Pla
Page 171 and 172: to related websites. In the case of
Page 173 and 174: 4.2.1 Wizards A common type of desi
Page 175 and 176: On selection of an exterior color f
Page 177 and 178: website acts as a resource in suppo
Page 179 and 180: It is interesting to note that tool
Page 181 and 182: easons, many interactive tutorials
Page 183 and 184: “Human Resources In-house expert
Page 185: an overall architectural project,
Page 189 and 190: 4.5 The Medium 4.5.1 Print Digital
Page 191 and 192: cost ranging from 25 to 50 dollars
Page 193 and 194: Figure 4.8 PowerPoint presentation
Page 195 and 196: 5.1.4 It is conceivable to facilita
Page 197 and 198: Chapter 1 defines structural glass
Page 199 and 200: technology into the mainstream cons
Page 201 and 202: Chapter 6 - Categorization and Orga
Page 203 and 204: Table 6-2 Morphological categorizat
Page 205 and 206: 6.1.2 Definition of Evaluation Crit
Page 207 and 208: measure of the relative ease of des
Page 209 and 210: Material Suppliers and Subcontracto
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Page 213 and 214: eing extremely efficient on a stren
Page 215 and 216: much as 20-30 percent. Thus, it is
Page 217 and 218: Figure 6.2 Generalized behavior att
Page 219 and 220: Design Considerations The strongbac
Page 221 and 222: Constructability Fabrication: The c
Page 223 and 224: opportunities for exploring facetin
Page 225 and 226: Constructability Fabrication: If sp
Page 227 and 228: square-on-offset-square derived fro
Page 229 and 230: Glass system interface: Any glass s
Page 231 and 232: Constructability Fabrication: As di
Page 233 and 234: Morphology Vertical trusses are ali
Page 235 and 236: Durability and Maintenance: The con
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Table 6-7 Mast truss attributes. 6.
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problematic, as the structures are
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deflections relative to the façade
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Stability in the cable truss is pro
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Resources and Technology Maturity:
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Installation: Installation is signi
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Design issues: The determination of
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Gymnastics Arena fabric clad tenseg
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Design Considerations Aesthetics: G
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Pre-tension requirements: The cable
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Morphology Cable-hung structures ha
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Glass system interface: The interfa
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Structural Performance Spanning cap
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Structural Efficiency (strength to
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6.2.1 Categorization Scheme Table 6
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6.2.3 Class Comparisons: Applicatio
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Optical Distortion: The heat-treati
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Size Limitation: Viracon, the large
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objective; monolithic panels of low
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equipment. Depending upon these var
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deflections exceed this requirement
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consideration, and should be heat-s
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Transparency Relative transparency
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What follows is a consideration of
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Design issues: These systems must b
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Design Considerations Aesthetics: O
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Constructability Fabrication: All f
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Material Suppliers and Subcontracto
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then treated identically to point-f
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Accommodation of movement: As with
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Geometric flexibility: One of the a
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all-bearing head that provides for
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effectively clamping the glass to t
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Constructability Fabrication: Glass
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For a more sophisticated program us
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lighting costs should also be figur
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Chapter 7 - Tools, Resources, and C
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grid anomalies, and other nonstanda
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7.1 A Simple Case The theory is tha
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7.1.3 Vertical Span / Horizontal Sp
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Figure 7.3 FacadeDesigner.com homep
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The World Wide Web is a unique medi
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Figure 7.5 StructureExplorer Web pa
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This module has not been developed
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deflections. As will be seen, the t
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F af 2 Vm/ryf F y 1- 0.
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F ab 2 Vm/ryb F y 1- 0.
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Calculate front chord stress ratio;
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analysis eliminates the formation o
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Figure 7.9 Dynamic relaxation veloc
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output of the analysis, along with
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Solving for cable force, the additi
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Figure 7.12 FacadeDesigner: select
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Figure 7.13 FacadeDesigner: glass g
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H m = H s / H n V m = V s / V n Or,
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show a vertically oriented glass gr
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FaçadeDesigner is thus linked to S
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elevations, sections and details. T
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inadvertent and unnecessary, and ea
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maximum timeframe. However, the Exp
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Figure 8.2 Introductory page requir
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Figure 8.5 Glass system types are i
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Figure 8.9 Each system type is pres
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application to the AIA/CES to becom
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8.2 Summary The background research
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Long-span façade structures Simpl
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9.1.1 Test Subjects Group A is comp
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The testing of Group A was administ
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Subjective questions 1-5, column 2,
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Table 9-4 Group B, 2nd test results
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Group A 1st Test Correct Respnses I
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y the learning program. This may re
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Group B 1st Test Correct Respnses I
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incorrect responses was 14% in the
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presentation is clearly emboldening
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Figure 9.10 Comparison of group A a
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"Don't Know" Responses by Category;
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Question 10 Tempered glass is
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Group A Incorrect Responses: Change
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This question was answered incorrec
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Perhaps the shift from I-don’t-kn
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Question 14 Glass for point-fixed s
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Please circle one number only for e
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after they were given the presentat
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The average response here fell one
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inclusion in StructureDesigner, and
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V n = number of vertical grid modul
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Table 9-5 Cable net; omparison of t
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H m = horizontal module (ft) H n =
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Table 9-6 Simple truss; comparison
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Chapter 10 - Summary and Conclusion
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pyramid structure when the distribu
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The author is not a Web designer or
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10.2.2 FaçadeDesigner; the Methodo
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Tutorials An objective of FacadeDes
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and load conditions. A testing meth
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The need is for education and resou
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information. Better organization of
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institutions such as the Massachuse
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The important issue of sustainabili
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accommodate application needs from
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10.3.6 Diffusion of Innovation in A
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Bibliography Amato, I 1997. Stuff;
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Cambridge 2000 Gallery 2005. Willis
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Glass skyscraper n.d. Model of glas
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Nardella, M 2007. Interior of Garde
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Seagram Building n.d. Photograph of
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