STRUCTURAL GLASS FACADES - USC School of Architecture

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Typical deflection criteria: These systems are typically designed to L/175. It is conceivable to lower these criteria if circumstances warrant, but care must be taken to limit deflections to those recommended by the glass supplier if using insulated glass. Pretension requirements: Cable trusses will require pre-tensioning as a function of prestress forces defined in the design of the system. Reaction Loads: High reaction loads result from the prestress requirements. It is important to determine a close approximation of these reaction loads early in the design process so the building engineer can account for the impact to the anchoring boundary steel. Structural Efficiency: Cable trusses are efficient systems and quite light on a span/depth basis, but this efficiency is accomplished at some cost to the boundary steel as discussed above. Seismic behavior: Systems designed for high flexibility perform well under seismic loading. Cable trusses are very flexible and adaptive to extreme loading. Care must be taken that the glass fixing system can accommodate the movement. Behavior under extreme loading conditions: Highly flexible systems have been found to benefit from this flexibility when subjected to impact and blast loading (Schoeberg et al. 2005, p.24). Constructability Fabrication: No particular fabrication concerns. If spreader struts are developed as cast components, care must be taken to assure the structural and cosmetic properties of the cast component. 225
Installation: Installation is significantly complicated by the quality materials and finishes of the system components, and the pre-tensioning requirements the installer must accommodate installing the trusses. An appropriate method statement must be provided by the installer or design/build contractor to assure installation of the system in conformance with specifications. This method statement should include appropriate validation of prestress forces in the installed trusses, and provision for accurate survey before and after the installation of the glass. Economy Cost increases with complexity and efficiency is not cheap. The cost factor with this system is 1.5. Table 6-9 Tensegrity attributes. 6.1.3.7 Tensegrity Tensegrity: Summary of Predominant Attributes A unique structural aesthetic combining tension elements and discontinuous compression elements Relatively high transparency A range of geometric complexity Can be designed as traditional closed systems, or as a hybridized open system Form-finding is required for open system versions Pre-tension is required; most critical with open systems Prestress in open systems will transfer to anchor structure Installation complexity depending upon geometry Varies widely as a function of design, relative cost factor 2.5 226
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STRUCTURAL GLASS FACADES: A UNIQUE
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Dedication To my bride, Victoria Me
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One cannot help but burden others w
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6.4 Other Considerations in Glass S
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Table 6-6 Simple truss attributes.
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List of Figures Figure 1.1 Berlin C
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Figure 2.1 Tension rod rigging term
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Figure 2.28 Diagram of low-E functi
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Figure 6.12 New Beijing Poly Plaza;
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Figure 8.7 Glass and the glass manu
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Abstract This thesis formulates a h
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The push by leading architects for
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Barriers to Implementation As with
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The primary focus of this thesis wi
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Chapter 1 - Context 1.1 Structural
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facades as used herein refers to th
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The vaulted enclosure spans six tra
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1.2.2 Architectural Use of Glass It
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the great cathedrals of the period
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1.2.4 Glass as Building Skin Struct
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1.2.5 The Advent of the Curtain Wal
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structure is exposed, and thus beco
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necessarily the case, however. Nort
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and practitioners of this style, Wa
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In the same manner, Mies van der Ro
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1.3.2 Emergence of Structural Glass
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of glass are transparency, transluc
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Opacity is the opposite of transpar
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Willis Faber & Dumas Building Ipswi
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Figure 1.18 Louvre Pyramid by night
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Channel 4 Headquarters London; Rich
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presentations on the technology usu
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was not constructed until the 1950
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1.3.6 Practitioners The following e
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In a common development pattern, se
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from the yachting industry and used
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imitation reveals itself here; repe
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their lack of familiarity with it.
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Oil prices blowing by USD 100 per b
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Chapter 2 - Materials, Processes, a
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2.2.1 Structures and Strategies for
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2.2.2 Strongbacks and Glass Fins St
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Various geometries are possible, mo
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The application of trusses as part
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Figure 2.8 Truss identification: br
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A large cavity double-skin façade
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Fuller later went on to develop ten
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stabilized, or closed systems; stab
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2.2.9.2 Cable Net The addition of h
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Kieran Kelley-Sneed, a former profe
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these materials. High performance t
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or some similar process to produce
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Individual wires are fist twisted i
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2.3.3.2 Rods Design innovations are
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processing adding value in some man
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Table 2-4 Raw materials used in typ
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2.4.1.6 Laminated Glass Laminated g
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laminated panel comprised of a temp
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of the spacer, and the application
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applied by a process of vacuum (spu
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The illustration on the left shows
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2.4.1.11 Specifying Glass Specifyin
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to as annealed glass. Subsequent pr
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later) may exhibit worsened distort
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glass above). In fact, perhaps owin
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“Float glass thickness range from
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pieces of glass with a ½” air sp
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A measure of heat gain or heat loss
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Fortunately, glass producers again
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2.5.2 Stick Systems Most curtain wa
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The rainscreen principle has become
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with the outer glass surface. This
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2.5.9 Structural Glazing Structural
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frequently mechanically attaché th
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Alternatively, structural glass fac
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Chapter 3 - Building Products, Proc
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New strategies and project delivery
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costs are extremely low throughout
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3.1.3 Fabrication Fabrication requi
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A design/builder may provide instal
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3.2.1.2 Weaknesses of Design/Bid/Bu
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The budget can be developed along w
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3.2.3.1 Strengths of Design/Assist
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3.3.1.2 Develop an appropriate surf
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3.3.2.1 Representative Drawings Pla
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to related websites. In the case of
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4.2.1 Wizards A common type of desi
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On selection of an exterior color f
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website acts as a resource in suppo
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It is interesting to note that tool
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easons, many interactive tutorials
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“Human Resources In-house expert
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an overall architectural project,
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contextual imagery and a general de
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4.5 The Medium 4.5.1 Print Digital
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cost ranging from 25 to 50 dollars
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Figure 4.8 PowerPoint presentation
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Page 197 and 198: Chapter 1 defines structural glass
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Page 201 and 202: Chapter 6 - Categorization and Orga
Page 203 and 204: Table 6-2 Morphological categorizat
Page 205 and 206: 6.1.2 Definition of Evaluation Crit
Page 207 and 208: measure of the relative ease of des
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Page 213 and 214: eing extremely efficient on a stren
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Page 217 and 218: Figure 6.2 Generalized behavior att
Page 219 and 220: Design Considerations The strongbac
Page 221 and 222: Constructability Fabrication: The c
Page 223 and 224: opportunities for exploring facetin
Page 225 and 226: Constructability Fabrication: If sp
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Page 229 and 230: Glass system interface: Any glass s
Page 231 and 232: Constructability Fabrication: As di
Page 233 and 234: Morphology Vertical trusses are ali
Page 235 and 236: Durability and Maintenance: The con
Page 237 and 238: Table 6-7 Mast truss attributes. 6.
Page 239 and 240: problematic, as the structures are
Page 241 and 242: deflections relative to the façade
Page 243 and 244: Stability in the cable truss is pro
Page 245: Resources and Technology Maturity:
Page 249 and 250: Design issues: The determination of
Page 251 and 252: Gymnastics Arena fabric clad tenseg
Page 253 and 254: Design Considerations Aesthetics: G
Page 255 and 256: Pre-tension requirements: The cable
Page 257 and 258: Morphology Cable-hung structures ha
Page 259 and 260: Glass system interface: The interfa
Page 261 and 262: Structural Performance Spanning cap
Page 263 and 264: Structural Efficiency (strength to
Page 265 and 266: 6.2.1 Categorization Scheme Table 6
Page 267 and 268: 6.2.3 Class Comparisons: Applicatio
Page 269 and 270: Optical Distortion: The heat-treati
Page 271 and 272: Size Limitation: Viracon, the large
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Page 275 and 276: equipment. Depending upon these var
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Page 281 and 282: Transparency Relative transparency
Page 283 and 284: What follows is a consideration of
Page 285 and 286: Design issues: These systems must b
Page 287 and 288: Design Considerations Aesthetics: O
Page 289 and 290: Constructability Fabrication: All f
Page 291 and 292: Material Suppliers and Subcontracto
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Page 295 and 296: Accommodation of movement: As with
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Geometric flexibility: One of the a
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all-bearing head that provides for
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effectively clamping the glass to t
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Constructability Fabrication: Glass
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For a more sophisticated program us
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lighting costs should also be figur
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Chapter 7 - Tools, Resources, and C
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grid anomalies, and other nonstanda
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7.1 A Simple Case The theory is tha
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7.1.3 Vertical Span / Horizontal Sp
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Figure 7.3 FacadeDesigner.com homep
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The World Wide Web is a unique medi
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Figure 7.5 StructureExplorer Web pa
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This module has not been developed
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deflections. As will be seen, the t
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F af 2 Vm/ryf F y 1- 0.
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F ab 2 Vm/ryb F y 1- 0.
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Calculate front chord stress ratio;
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analysis eliminates the formation o
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Figure 7.9 Dynamic relaxation veloc
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output of the analysis, along with
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Solving for cable force, the additi
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Figure 7.12 FacadeDesigner: select
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Figure 7.13 FacadeDesigner: glass g
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H m = H s / H n V m = V s / V n Or,
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show a vertically oriented glass gr
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FaçadeDesigner is thus linked to S
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elevations, sections and details. T
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inadvertent and unnecessary, and ea
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maximum timeframe. However, the Exp
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Figure 8.2 Introductory page requir
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Figure 8.5 Glass system types are i
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Figure 8.9 Each system type is pres
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application to the AIA/CES to becom
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8.2 Summary The background research
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Long-span façade structures Simpl
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9.1.1 Test Subjects Group A is comp
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The testing of Group A was administ
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Subjective questions 1-5, column 2,
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Table 9-4 Group B, 2nd test results
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Group A 1st Test Correct Respnses I
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y the learning program. This may re
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Group B 1st Test Correct Respnses I
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incorrect responses was 14% in the
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presentation is clearly emboldening
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Figure 9.10 Comparison of group A a
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"Don't Know" Responses by Category;
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Question 10 Tempered glass is
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Group A Incorrect Responses: Change
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This question was answered incorrec
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Perhaps the shift from I-don’t-kn
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Question 14 Glass for point-fixed s
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Please circle one number only for e
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after they were given the presentat
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The average response here fell one
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inclusion in StructureDesigner, and
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V n = number of vertical grid modul
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Table 9-5 Cable net; omparison of t
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H m = horizontal module (ft) H n =
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Table 9-6 Simple truss; comparison
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Chapter 10 - Summary and Conclusion
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pyramid structure when the distribu
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The author is not a Web designer or
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10.2.2 FaçadeDesigner; the Methodo
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Tutorials An objective of FacadeDes
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and load conditions. A testing meth
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The need is for education and resou
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information. Better organization of
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institutions such as the Massachuse
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The important issue of sustainabili
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accommodate application needs from
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10.3.6 Diffusion of Innovation in A
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Bibliography Amato, I 1997. Stuff;
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Cambridge 2000 Gallery 2005. Willis
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Glass skyscraper n.d. Model of glas
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Nardella, M 2007. Interior of Garde
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Seagram Building n.d. Photograph of
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STRUCTURAL GLASS FACADES - USC School of Architecture

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