STRUCTURAL GLASS FACADES - USC School of Architecture

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Figure 4.4 Product selection tool, screen 4. 154 Figure 4.5 Input screen for Daylight 1-2-3. 156 Figure 4.6 Start-up document for Daylight 1-2-3. 157 Figure 4.7 Structures website homepage. 171 Figure 4.8 PowerPoint presentation in pdf format from the Structures website. 172 Figure 6.1 Generalized complexity of structure types; listed in order of increasing complexity. 184 Figure 6.2 Generalized behavior attributes of structural system types. 196 Figure 6.3 Biosphere 2; a large glass-clad space frame enclosure (Biosphere 2 2006). 205 Figure 6.4 Typical simple truss configuration. 212 Figure 6.5 Mast truss 217 Figure 6.6 Typical cable truss design. 222 Figure 6.7 A corner truss in a cable truss system. 223 Figure 6.8 Horizontal cable truss bracing a rectangular tube. 224 Figure 6.9 An overhead curved gridshell structure (Novum Structures 2008). 232 Figure 6.10 Cable clamp for cable-hung system; exploded view. 238 Figure 6.11 Cable clamp for flat cable net. 238 xvi
Figure 6.12 New Beijing Poly Plaza; SOM architect (Gritth 2007a). 240 Figure 6.13 Rocker arm detail on New Beijing Poly Plaza cable net; SOM architect, (Gritth 2007b). 241 Figure 6.14 Veneer system typical section. 269 Figure 6.15 Panel system connection detail. 273 Figure 6.16 Point-fixed bolted system with spider fitting and insulated glass. 276 Figure 6.17 Point-fixed clamped system with insulated-laminated glass during installation. 280 Figure 7.1 Process map of simplified structural glass façade design methodology. 291 Figure 7.2 Conceptual diagram of FacadeDesigner.com Website. 295 Figure 7.3 FacadeDesigner.com homepage. 296 Figure 7.4 GlassExplorer homepage in development. 299 Figure 7.5 StructureExplorer Web page, early development. 300 Figure 7.6 Diagram of simple truss with input variables. 305 Figure 7.7 Buckling diagram (Schierle 2008, p.134). 307 Figure 7.8 Dynamic relaxation displacement response graph. 313 Figure 7.9 Dynamic relaxation velocity response graph. 314 xvii
Page 1 and 2: STRUCTURAL GLASS FACADES: A UNIQUE
Page 3 and 4: Dedication To my bride, Victoria Me
Page 5 and 6: One cannot help but burden others w
Page 7 and 8: 6.4 Other Considerations in Glass S
Page 9 and 10: Table 6-6 Simple truss attributes.
Page 11 and 12: List of Figures Figure 1.1 Berlin C
Page 13 and 14: Figure 2.1 Tension rod rigging term
Page 15: Figure 2.28 Diagram of low-E functi
Page 19 and 20: Figure 8.7 Glass and the glass manu
Page 21 and 22: Abstract This thesis formulates a h
Page 23 and 24: The push by leading architects for
Page 25 and 26: Barriers to Implementation As with
Page 27 and 28: The primary focus of this thesis wi
Page 29 and 30: Chapter 1 - Context 1.1 Structural
Page 31 and 32: facades as used herein refers to th
Page 33 and 34: The vaulted enclosure spans six tra
Page 35 and 36: 1.2.2 Architectural Use of Glass It
Page 37 and 38: the great cathedrals of the period
Page 39 and 40: 1.2.4 Glass as Building Skin Struct
Page 41 and 42: 1.2.5 The Advent of the Curtain Wal
Page 43 and 44: structure is exposed, and thus beco
Page 45 and 46: necessarily the case, however. Nort
Page 47 and 48: and practitioners of this style, Wa
Page 49 and 50: In the same manner, Mies van der Ro
Page 51 and 52: 1.3.2 Emergence of Structural Glass
Page 53 and 54: of glass are transparency, transluc
Page 55 and 56: Opacity is the opposite of transpar
Page 57 and 58: Willis Faber & Dumas Building Ipswi
Page 59 and 60: Figure 1.18 Louvre Pyramid by night
Page 61 and 62: Channel 4 Headquarters London; Rich
Page 63 and 64: presentations on the technology usu
Page 65 and 66: was not constructed until the 1950
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1.3.6 Practitioners The following e
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In a common development pattern, se
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from the yachting industry and used
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imitation reveals itself here; repe
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their lack of familiarity with it.
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Oil prices blowing by USD 100 per b
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Chapter 2 - Materials, Processes, a
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2.2.1 Structures and Strategies for
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2.2.2 Strongbacks and Glass Fins St
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Various geometries are possible, mo
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The application of trusses as part
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Figure 2.8 Truss identification: br
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A large cavity double-skin façade
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Fuller later went on to develop ten
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stabilized, or closed systems; stab
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2.2.9.2 Cable Net The addition of h
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Kieran Kelley-Sneed, a former profe
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these materials. High performance t
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or some similar process to produce
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Individual wires are fist twisted i
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2.3.3.2 Rods Design innovations are
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processing adding value in some man
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Table 2-4 Raw materials used in typ
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2.4.1.6 Laminated Glass Laminated g
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laminated panel comprised of a temp
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of the spacer, and the application
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applied by a process of vacuum (spu
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The illustration on the left shows
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2.4.1.11 Specifying Glass Specifyin
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to as annealed glass. Subsequent pr
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later) may exhibit worsened distort
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glass above). In fact, perhaps owin
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“Float glass thickness range from
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pieces of glass with a ½” air sp
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A measure of heat gain or heat loss
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Fortunately, glass producers again
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2.5.2 Stick Systems Most curtain wa
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The rainscreen principle has become
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with the outer glass surface. This
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2.5.9 Structural Glazing Structural
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frequently mechanically attaché th
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Alternatively, structural glass fac
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Chapter 3 - Building Products, Proc
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New strategies and project delivery
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costs are extremely low throughout
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3.1.3 Fabrication Fabrication requi
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A design/builder may provide instal
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3.2.1.2 Weaknesses of Design/Bid/Bu
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The budget can be developed along w
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3.2.3.1 Strengths of Design/Assist
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3.3.1.2 Develop an appropriate surf
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3.3.2.1 Representative Drawings Pla
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to related websites. In the case of
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4.2.1 Wizards A common type of desi
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On selection of an exterior color f
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website acts as a resource in suppo
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It is interesting to note that tool
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easons, many interactive tutorials
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“Human Resources In-house expert
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an overall architectural project,
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contextual imagery and a general de
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4.5 The Medium 4.5.1 Print Digital
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cost ranging from 25 to 50 dollars
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Figure 4.8 PowerPoint presentation
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5.1.4 It is conceivable to facilita
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Chapter 1 defines structural glass
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technology into the mainstream cons
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Chapter 6 - Categorization and Orga
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Table 6-2 Morphological categorizat
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6.1.2 Definition of Evaluation Crit
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measure of the relative ease of des
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Material Suppliers and Subcontracto
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to work. There is great opportunity
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eing extremely efficient on a stren
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much as 20-30 percent. Thus, it is
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Figure 6.2 Generalized behavior att
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Design Considerations The strongbac
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Constructability Fabrication: The c
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opportunities for exploring facetin
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Constructability Fabrication: If sp
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square-on-offset-square derived fro
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Glass system interface: Any glass s
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Constructability Fabrication: As di
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Morphology Vertical trusses are ali
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Durability and Maintenance: The con
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Table 6-7 Mast truss attributes. 6.
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problematic, as the structures are
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deflections relative to the façade
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Stability in the cable truss is pro
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Resources and Technology Maturity:
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Installation: Installation is signi
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Design issues: The determination of
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Gymnastics Arena fabric clad tenseg
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Design Considerations Aesthetics: G
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Pre-tension requirements: The cable
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Morphology Cable-hung structures ha
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Glass system interface: The interfa
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Structural Performance Spanning cap
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Structural Efficiency (strength to
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6.2.1 Categorization Scheme Table 6
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6.2.3 Class Comparisons: Applicatio
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Optical Distortion: The heat-treati
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Size Limitation: Viracon, the large
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objective; monolithic panels of low
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equipment. Depending upon these var
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deflections exceed this requirement
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consideration, and should be heat-s
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Transparency Relative transparency
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What follows is a consideration of
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Design issues: These systems must b
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Design Considerations Aesthetics: O
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Constructability Fabrication: All f
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Material Suppliers and Subcontracto
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then treated identically to point-f
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Accommodation of movement: As with
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Geometric flexibility: One of the a
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all-bearing head that provides for
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effectively clamping the glass to t
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Constructability Fabrication: Glass
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For a more sophisticated program us
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lighting costs should also be figur
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Chapter 7 - Tools, Resources, and C
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grid anomalies, and other nonstanda
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7.1 A Simple Case The theory is tha
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7.1.3 Vertical Span / Horizontal Sp
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Figure 7.3 FacadeDesigner.com homep
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The World Wide Web is a unique medi
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Figure 7.5 StructureExplorer Web pa
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This module has not been developed
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deflections. As will be seen, the t
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F af 2 Vm/ryf F y 1- 0.
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F ab 2 Vm/ryb F y 1- 0.
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Calculate front chord stress ratio;
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analysis eliminates the formation o
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Figure 7.9 Dynamic relaxation veloc
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output of the analysis, along with
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Solving for cable force, the additi
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Figure 7.12 FacadeDesigner: select
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Figure 7.13 FacadeDesigner: glass g
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H m = H s / H n V m = V s / V n Or,
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show a vertically oriented glass gr
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FaçadeDesigner is thus linked to S
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elevations, sections and details. T
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inadvertent and unnecessary, and ea
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maximum timeframe. However, the Exp
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Figure 8.2 Introductory page requir
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Figure 8.5 Glass system types are i
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Figure 8.9 Each system type is pres
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application to the AIA/CES to becom
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8.2 Summary The background research
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Long-span façade structures Simpl
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9.1.1 Test Subjects Group A is comp
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The testing of Group A was administ
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Subjective questions 1-5, column 2,
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Table 9-4 Group B, 2nd test results
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Group A 1st Test Correct Respnses I
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y the learning program. This may re
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Group B 1st Test Correct Respnses I
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incorrect responses was 14% in the
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presentation is clearly emboldening
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Figure 9.10 Comparison of group A a
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"Don't Know" Responses by Category;
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Question 10 Tempered glass is
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Group A Incorrect Responses: Change
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This question was answered incorrec
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Perhaps the shift from I-don’t-kn
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Question 14 Glass for point-fixed s
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Please circle one number only for e
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after they were given the presentat
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The average response here fell one
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inclusion in StructureDesigner, and
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V n = number of vertical grid modul
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Table 9-5 Cable net; omparison of t
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H m = horizontal module (ft) H n =
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Table 9-6 Simple truss; comparison
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Chapter 10 - Summary and Conclusion
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pyramid structure when the distribu
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The author is not a Web designer or
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10.2.2 FaçadeDesigner; the Methodo
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Tutorials An objective of FacadeDes
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and load conditions. A testing meth
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The need is for education and resou
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information. Better organization of
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institutions such as the Massachuse
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The important issue of sustainabili
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accommodate application needs from
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10.3.6 Diffusion of Innovation in A
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Bibliography Amato, I 1997. Stuff;
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Cambridge 2000 Gallery 2005. Willis
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Glass skyscraper n.d. Model of glas
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Nardella, M 2007. Interior of Garde
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Seagram Building n.d. Photograph of
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