STRUCTURAL GLASS FACADES - USC School of Architecture

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Behling, S & Behling, S. 1999. Glass: structure and technology in architecture, Prestel, London. Berlin Central Station; construction photo 2006, digital photograph, BBC News, accessed 1 February 2008, < http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/in_pictures/5017026.stm> Billmoy 2003. Carson Pirie Scott Building, IGOUGO, accessed 22 March 2008, http://www.google.com/imgresimgurl=http://photos.igougo.com/images/p84451 -Chicago- Carson_Pirie_Scott_Building.jpg&imgrefurl=http://photos.igougo.com/pictures- photos-b103740-s1-p84451- Carson_Pirie_Scott_Building.html&h=140&w=128&sz=190&tbnid=FbQs5NQ6Q RYJ:&tbnh=140&tbnw=128&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dcarson%2Bpirie%2Bscott %2Bbuilding%2Bpicture&sa=X&oi=image_result&resnum=1&ct=image&cd=3 Biosphere 2; a large glass-clad space frame enclosure 2006. digital photograph, wiki article, 24 February 2008, accessed 24 February 2008, < http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biosphere_2> Blaser, W. (Schwaiger, E translator), 2002. Helmut Jahn, Werner Sobek, Matthias Schuler: architecture engineering. Basel, Switzerland: Publishers for Architecture Boake, T 2007. Channel 4 Headquarters, digital photograph, University of Waterloo, accessed 22 March 2008, http://www.architecture.uwaterloo.ca/faculty_projects/terri/steel/horseferry.html Bovis n.d. ‘Pilkington float glass plant’, Bovis Lend Lease, accessed 12 March 2008, http://www.bovislendlease.com/llweb/bll/main.nsf/images/pdf_rus_pilkington.pdf/ $file/pdf_rus_pilkington.pdf Bramante, G 1993. Willis Faber & Dumas building : Foster Associates, Phaidon, London. Brock, L 2005. Designing the Exterior Wall, John Wiley & Sons, New Jersey. Built Chicago 2008. Spertus Institute faceted façade, digital photograph, Built Chicago, accessed 22 March 2008, http://www.google.com/imgresimgurl=http://media1.suntimes.com/multimedia/1 12107spertus_cst_feed_20071120_21_25_56_2107-282- 400.imageContent&imgrefurl=http://www.builtchicago.com/%3Fp%3D206&h=87 &w=124&sz=21&tbnid=7KUHRRsneZkJ:&tbnh=87&tbnw=124&prev=/images%3 Fq%3DSpertus%2BInstitute%2Bpictures&sa=X&oi=image_result&resnum=1&ct =image&cd=2 Button, D, Pye, B, (eds) 1993. Glass in building: a guide to modern architectural glass performance, Butterworth Architecture, Oxford. 421
Cambridge 2000 Gallery 2005. Willis Faber & Dumas building, digital photograph, accessed 22 March 2008, Castro, G & Levy, M, 1992. ‘Analysis of Georgia Dome cable roof,’ Goodno B & Wright J (eds), Proceedings of the eighth conference of computing in civil engineering and georgraphic information systems symposium, ASCE, Dallas Cheng, X 2007. “Detailing Method for Point Supported Glass Systems,” Masters Thesis, University of Southern California. Cheshire, J 2007. Using Microsoft Expression Web, Que Publishing, USA Christy, L 2008. Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art, Architecture Week, March, accessed 22 March 2008, http://www.architectureweek.com/2008/0312/design_1-1.html City of Chicago 1951. 860-880 Lakeshore Drive, archival photograph, accessed 22 March 2008, http://www.cityofchicago.org/Landmarks/numbers/860880LSD2.html COMPAGNO, A 1995. Intelligent glass facades; material, practice, design, 4 th revised and enlarged edition 1999, Basel, Birkhäuser Connelley, R & Back, A 1998, ‘Mathematics and Tensegrity,’ American Scientist, vol. 86 #2 p.142. Coplans, J 1967. ‘Interview with Kenneth Snelson,’ Artforum, March 1967, accessed 16 February 2008, < http://www.kennethsnelson.net/icons/struc.htm> Craven, J n.d. Night image of Willis Faber & Dumas building, digital photograph, about.com, accessed 22 March 2008, http://architecture.about.com/od/greatbuildings/ig/Sir- Norman-Foster/Willis-Faber-and-Dumas.htm Daylight 1-2-3 2008. Natural Resources Canada (NRCan), Panel for Energy Research and Development (PERD), accessed 1 February 2008, Daylight 1-2-3 2008a. Acknowledgements, Natural Resources Canada (NRCan), Panel for Energy Research and Development (PERD), accessed 1 February 2008, Desai, P et al. 2005. “New point-supported glass seismic system", Proc. of The First International Conference on Advances in Experimental Structural Engineering, AESE 2005, Nagoya, Japan. Detail portal for architecture 2008. Reed Business Information, Munich, accessed 5 February 2008, http://www.detail.de/rw_3_News_En_Index.htm 422
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STRUCTURAL GLASS FACADES: A UNIQUE
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Dedication To my bride, Victoria Me
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One cannot help but burden others w
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6.4 Other Considerations in Glass S
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Table 6-6 Simple truss attributes.
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List of Figures Figure 1.1 Berlin C
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Figure 2.1 Tension rod rigging term
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Figure 2.28 Diagram of low-E functi
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Figure 6.12 New Beijing Poly Plaza;
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Figure 8.7 Glass and the glass manu
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Abstract This thesis formulates a h
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The push by leading architects for
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Barriers to Implementation As with
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The primary focus of this thesis wi
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Chapter 1 - Context 1.1 Structural
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facades as used herein refers to th
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The vaulted enclosure spans six tra
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1.2.2 Architectural Use of Glass It
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the great cathedrals of the period
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1.2.4 Glass as Building Skin Struct
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1.2.5 The Advent of the Curtain Wal
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structure is exposed, and thus beco
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necessarily the case, however. Nort
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and practitioners of this style, Wa
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In the same manner, Mies van der Ro
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1.3.2 Emergence of Structural Glass
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of glass are transparency, transluc
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Opacity is the opposite of transpar
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Willis Faber & Dumas Building Ipswi
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Figure 1.18 Louvre Pyramid by night
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Channel 4 Headquarters London; Rich
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presentations on the technology usu
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was not constructed until the 1950
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1.3.6 Practitioners The following e
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In a common development pattern, se
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from the yachting industry and used
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imitation reveals itself here; repe
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their lack of familiarity with it.
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Oil prices blowing by USD 100 per b
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Chapter 2 - Materials, Processes, a
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2.2.1 Structures and Strategies for
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2.2.2 Strongbacks and Glass Fins St
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Various geometries are possible, mo
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The application of trusses as part
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Figure 2.8 Truss identification: br
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A large cavity double-skin façade
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Fuller later went on to develop ten
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stabilized, or closed systems; stab
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2.2.9.2 Cable Net The addition of h
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Kieran Kelley-Sneed, a former profe
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these materials. High performance t
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or some similar process to produce
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Individual wires are fist twisted i
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2.3.3.2 Rods Design innovations are
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processing adding value in some man
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Table 2-4 Raw materials used in typ
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2.4.1.6 Laminated Glass Laminated g
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laminated panel comprised of a temp
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of the spacer, and the application
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applied by a process of vacuum (spu
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The illustration on the left shows
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2.4.1.11 Specifying Glass Specifyin
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to as annealed glass. Subsequent pr
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later) may exhibit worsened distort
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glass above). In fact, perhaps owin
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“Float glass thickness range from
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pieces of glass with a ½” air sp
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A measure of heat gain or heat loss
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Fortunately, glass producers again
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2.5.2 Stick Systems Most curtain wa
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The rainscreen principle has become
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with the outer glass surface. This
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2.5.9 Structural Glazing Structural
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frequently mechanically attaché th
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Alternatively, structural glass fac
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Chapter 3 - Building Products, Proc
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New strategies and project delivery
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costs are extremely low throughout
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3.1.3 Fabrication Fabrication requi
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A design/builder may provide instal
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3.2.1.2 Weaknesses of Design/Bid/Bu
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The budget can be developed along w
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3.2.3.1 Strengths of Design/Assist
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3.3.1.2 Develop an appropriate surf
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3.3.2.1 Representative Drawings Pla
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to related websites. In the case of
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4.2.1 Wizards A common type of desi
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On selection of an exterior color f
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website acts as a resource in suppo
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It is interesting to note that tool
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easons, many interactive tutorials
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“Human Resources In-house expert
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an overall architectural project,
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contextual imagery and a general de
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4.5 The Medium 4.5.1 Print Digital
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cost ranging from 25 to 50 dollars
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Figure 4.8 PowerPoint presentation
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5.1.4 It is conceivable to facilita
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Chapter 1 defines structural glass
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technology into the mainstream cons
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Chapter 6 - Categorization and Orga
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Table 6-2 Morphological categorizat
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6.1.2 Definition of Evaluation Crit
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measure of the relative ease of des
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Material Suppliers and Subcontracto
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to work. There is great opportunity
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eing extremely efficient on a stren
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much as 20-30 percent. Thus, it is
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Figure 6.2 Generalized behavior att
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Design Considerations The strongbac
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Constructability Fabrication: The c
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opportunities for exploring facetin
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Constructability Fabrication: If sp
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square-on-offset-square derived fro
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Glass system interface: Any glass s
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Constructability Fabrication: As di
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Morphology Vertical trusses are ali
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Durability and Maintenance: The con
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Table 6-7 Mast truss attributes. 6.
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problematic, as the structures are
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deflections relative to the façade
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Stability in the cable truss is pro
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Resources and Technology Maturity:
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Installation: Installation is signi
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Design issues: The determination of
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Gymnastics Arena fabric clad tenseg
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Design Considerations Aesthetics: G
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Pre-tension requirements: The cable
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Morphology Cable-hung structures ha
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Glass system interface: The interfa
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Structural Performance Spanning cap
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Structural Efficiency (strength to
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6.2.1 Categorization Scheme Table 6
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6.2.3 Class Comparisons: Applicatio
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Optical Distortion: The heat-treati
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Size Limitation: Viracon, the large
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objective; monolithic panels of low
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equipment. Depending upon these var
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deflections exceed this requirement
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consideration, and should be heat-s
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Transparency Relative transparency
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What follows is a consideration of
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Design issues: These systems must b
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Design Considerations Aesthetics: O
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Constructability Fabrication: All f
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Material Suppliers and Subcontracto
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then treated identically to point-f
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Accommodation of movement: As with
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Geometric flexibility: One of the a
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all-bearing head that provides for
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effectively clamping the glass to t
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Constructability Fabrication: Glass
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For a more sophisticated program us
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lighting costs should also be figur
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Chapter 7 - Tools, Resources, and C
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grid anomalies, and other nonstanda
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7.1 A Simple Case The theory is tha
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7.1.3 Vertical Span / Horizontal Sp
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Figure 7.3 FacadeDesigner.com homep
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The World Wide Web is a unique medi
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Figure 7.5 StructureExplorer Web pa
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This module has not been developed
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deflections. As will be seen, the t
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F af 2 Vm/ryf F y 1- 0.
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F ab 2 Vm/ryb F y 1- 0.
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Calculate front chord stress ratio;
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analysis eliminates the formation o
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Figure 7.9 Dynamic relaxation veloc
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output of the analysis, along with
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Solving for cable force, the additi
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Figure 7.12 FacadeDesigner: select
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Figure 7.13 FacadeDesigner: glass g
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H m = H s / H n V m = V s / V n Or,
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show a vertically oriented glass gr
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FaçadeDesigner is thus linked to S
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elevations, sections and details. T
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inadvertent and unnecessary, and ea
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maximum timeframe. However, the Exp
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Figure 8.2 Introductory page requir
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Figure 8.5 Glass system types are i
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Figure 8.9 Each system type is pres
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application to the AIA/CES to becom
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8.2 Summary The background research
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Long-span façade structures Simpl
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9.1.1 Test Subjects Group A is comp
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The testing of Group A was administ
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Subjective questions 1-5, column 2,
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Table 9-4 Group B, 2nd test results
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Group A 1st Test Correct Respnses I
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y the learning program. This may re
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Group B 1st Test Correct Respnses I
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incorrect responses was 14% in the
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presentation is clearly emboldening
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Figure 9.10 Comparison of group A a
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"Don't Know" Responses by Category;
Page 391 and 392: Question 10 Tempered glass is
Page 393 and 394: Group A Incorrect Responses: Change
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Page 399 and 400: Question 14 Glass for point-fixed s
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Page 403 and 404: after they were given the presentat
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Page 409 and 410: V n = number of vertical grid modul
Page 411 and 412: Table 9-5 Cable net; omparison of t
Page 413 and 414: H m = horizontal module (ft) H n =
Page 415 and 416: Table 9-6 Simple truss; comparison
Page 417 and 418: Chapter 10 - Summary and Conclusion
Page 419 and 420: pyramid structure when the distribu
Page 421 and 422: The author is not a Web designer or
Page 423 and 424: 10.2.2 FaçadeDesigner; the Methodo
Page 425 and 426: Tutorials An objective of FacadeDes
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Page 431 and 432: information. Better organization of
Page 433 and 434: institutions such as the Massachuse
Page 435 and 436: The important issue of sustainabili
Page 437 and 438: accommodate application needs from
Page 439 and 440: 10.3.6 Diffusion of Innovation in A
Page 441: Bibliography Amato, I 1997. Stuff;
Page 445 and 446: Glass skyscraper n.d. Model of glas
Page 447 and 448: Nardella, M 2007. Interior of Garde
Page 449 and 450: Seagram Building n.d. Photograph of
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