STRUCTURAL GLASS FACADES - USC School of Architecture

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accommodate the analysis of double-curved cable nets also. The utilization of the simplified analytical processes requires that an analysis module be developed and fine-tuned for each included system type; it is this approach that provides for the speed and simplicity of the process. Remaining Work The initial system types require completion. Much of the program infrastructure is present, but the analysis modules are incomplete. The following systems are incomplete; strongback, mast truss, cable truss, and grid shell. There are opportunities for additional systems also, as discussed below under opportunities for future development. A help system needs to be developed for all programs. The interface with FacadeDesigner needs to be developed. The user interface can be refined. Input filtering needs to be implemented before the program is presented to untrained users. An output form needs to be developed for printing. Guidelines on the use of the output form may also be useful or necessary. The tool currently operates in English units and needs to be adapted to support the metric system. This will require the creation of a parallel set of input and output forms, and either the modification of the analysis modules to a metric format, or a conversion process of the input and output data from the modules. Testing Preliminary testing for the two completed modules is included in Chapter 9. Further testing is required on these modules with a broader range of problem types involving varying spanning 405
and load conditions. A testing methodology should be developed that each newly defined system type could be subjected to upon completion. Opportunities for Future Development Additional System Types As discussed above, there is great opportunity in additional system types. Tensegrity type structures have been explored to only a very limited extent as façade structures. Grid shells and hybrid structures offer other interesting possibilities. Building Enclosures This thesis has been broad enough in scope just in consideration of structural glass facades in relatively conventional form; in vertical applications as part of a larger building. In fact, the technology is capable of accommodating overhead applications and even complete building enclosures in a remarkable diversity of form. It is entirely conceivable that such systems could be developed and included in the FacadeDesigner and StructureDesigner programs. Although this would represent a considerable undertaking, it would dramatically broaden the functionality and potential application of the programs. Development of the DR Technique In conversations with Dr. Dehghanyar, author of the DR program, it has been determined that there is some possibility of applying a modification of the DR method as discussed in Chapter 7 to a broader range of structure types, including the simple truss system as a replacement to the method described in 7.4.1. The potential advantage is for a closer 406
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STRUCTURAL GLASS FACADES: A UNIQUE
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Dedication To my bride, Victoria Me
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One cannot help but burden others w
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6.4 Other Considerations in Glass S
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Table 6-6 Simple truss attributes.
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List of Figures Figure 1.1 Berlin C
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Figure 2.1 Tension rod rigging term
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Figure 2.28 Diagram of low-E functi
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Figure 6.12 New Beijing Poly Plaza;
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Figure 8.7 Glass and the glass manu
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Abstract This thesis formulates a h
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The push by leading architects for
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Barriers to Implementation As with
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The primary focus of this thesis wi
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Chapter 1 - Context 1.1 Structural
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facades as used herein refers to th
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The vaulted enclosure spans six tra
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1.2.2 Architectural Use of Glass It
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the great cathedrals of the period
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1.2.4 Glass as Building Skin Struct
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1.2.5 The Advent of the Curtain Wal
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structure is exposed, and thus beco
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necessarily the case, however. Nort
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and practitioners of this style, Wa
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In the same manner, Mies van der Ro
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1.3.2 Emergence of Structural Glass
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of glass are transparency, transluc
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Opacity is the opposite of transpar
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Willis Faber & Dumas Building Ipswi
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Figure 1.18 Louvre Pyramid by night
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Channel 4 Headquarters London; Rich
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presentations on the technology usu
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was not constructed until the 1950
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1.3.6 Practitioners The following e
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In a common development pattern, se
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from the yachting industry and used
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imitation reveals itself here; repe
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their lack of familiarity with it.
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Oil prices blowing by USD 100 per b
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Chapter 2 - Materials, Processes, a
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2.2.1 Structures and Strategies for
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2.2.2 Strongbacks and Glass Fins St
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Various geometries are possible, mo
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The application of trusses as part
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Figure 2.8 Truss identification: br
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A large cavity double-skin façade
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Fuller later went on to develop ten
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stabilized, or closed systems; stab
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2.2.9.2 Cable Net The addition of h
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Kieran Kelley-Sneed, a former profe
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these materials. High performance t
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or some similar process to produce
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Individual wires are fist twisted i
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2.3.3.2 Rods Design innovations are
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processing adding value in some man
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Table 2-4 Raw materials used in typ
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2.4.1.6 Laminated Glass Laminated g
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laminated panel comprised of a temp
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of the spacer, and the application
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applied by a process of vacuum (spu
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The illustration on the left shows
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2.4.1.11 Specifying Glass Specifyin
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to as annealed glass. Subsequent pr
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later) may exhibit worsened distort
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glass above). In fact, perhaps owin
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“Float glass thickness range from
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pieces of glass with a ½” air sp
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A measure of heat gain or heat loss
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Fortunately, glass producers again
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2.5.2 Stick Systems Most curtain wa
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The rainscreen principle has become
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with the outer glass surface. This
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2.5.9 Structural Glazing Structural
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frequently mechanically attaché th
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Alternatively, structural glass fac
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Chapter 3 - Building Products, Proc
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New strategies and project delivery
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costs are extremely low throughout
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3.1.3 Fabrication Fabrication requi
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A design/builder may provide instal
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3.2.1.2 Weaknesses of Design/Bid/Bu
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The budget can be developed along w
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3.2.3.1 Strengths of Design/Assist
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3.3.1.2 Develop an appropriate surf
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3.3.2.1 Representative Drawings Pla
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to related websites. In the case of
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4.2.1 Wizards A common type of desi
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On selection of an exterior color f
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website acts as a resource in suppo
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It is interesting to note that tool
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easons, many interactive tutorials
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“Human Resources In-house expert
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an overall architectural project,
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contextual imagery and a general de
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4.5 The Medium 4.5.1 Print Digital
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cost ranging from 25 to 50 dollars
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Figure 4.8 PowerPoint presentation
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5.1.4 It is conceivable to facilita
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Chapter 1 defines structural glass
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technology into the mainstream cons
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Chapter 6 - Categorization and Orga
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Table 6-2 Morphological categorizat
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6.1.2 Definition of Evaluation Crit
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measure of the relative ease of des
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Material Suppliers and Subcontracto
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to work. There is great opportunity
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eing extremely efficient on a stren
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much as 20-30 percent. Thus, it is
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Figure 6.2 Generalized behavior att
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Design Considerations The strongbac
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Constructability Fabrication: The c
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opportunities for exploring facetin
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Constructability Fabrication: If sp
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square-on-offset-square derived fro
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Glass system interface: Any glass s
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Constructability Fabrication: As di
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Morphology Vertical trusses are ali
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Durability and Maintenance: The con
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Table 6-7 Mast truss attributes. 6.
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problematic, as the structures are
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deflections relative to the façade
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Stability in the cable truss is pro
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Resources and Technology Maturity:
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Installation: Installation is signi
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Design issues: The determination of
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Gymnastics Arena fabric clad tenseg
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Design Considerations Aesthetics: G
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Pre-tension requirements: The cable
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Morphology Cable-hung structures ha
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Glass system interface: The interfa
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Structural Performance Spanning cap
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Structural Efficiency (strength to
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6.2.1 Categorization Scheme Table 6
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6.2.3 Class Comparisons: Applicatio
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Optical Distortion: The heat-treati
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Size Limitation: Viracon, the large
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objective; monolithic panels of low
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equipment. Depending upon these var
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deflections exceed this requirement
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consideration, and should be heat-s
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Transparency Relative transparency
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What follows is a consideration of
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Design issues: These systems must b
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Design Considerations Aesthetics: O
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Constructability Fabrication: All f
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Material Suppliers and Subcontracto
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then treated identically to point-f
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Accommodation of movement: As with
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Geometric flexibility: One of the a
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all-bearing head that provides for
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effectively clamping the glass to t
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Constructability Fabrication: Glass
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For a more sophisticated program us
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lighting costs should also be figur
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Chapter 7 - Tools, Resources, and C
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grid anomalies, and other nonstanda
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7.1 A Simple Case The theory is tha
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7.1.3 Vertical Span / Horizontal Sp
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Figure 7.3 FacadeDesigner.com homep
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The World Wide Web is a unique medi
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Figure 7.5 StructureExplorer Web pa
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This module has not been developed
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deflections. As will be seen, the t
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F af 2 Vm/ryf F y 1- 0.
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F ab 2 Vm/ryb F y 1- 0.
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Calculate front chord stress ratio;
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analysis eliminates the formation o
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Figure 7.9 Dynamic relaxation veloc
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output of the analysis, along with
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Solving for cable force, the additi
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Figure 7.12 FacadeDesigner: select
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Figure 7.13 FacadeDesigner: glass g
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H m = H s / H n V m = V s / V n Or,
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show a vertically oriented glass gr
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FaçadeDesigner is thus linked to S
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elevations, sections and details. T
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inadvertent and unnecessary, and ea
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maximum timeframe. However, the Exp
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Figure 8.2 Introductory page requir
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Figure 8.5 Glass system types are i
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Figure 8.9 Each system type is pres
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application to the AIA/CES to becom
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8.2 Summary The background research
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Long-span façade structures Simpl
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9.1.1 Test Subjects Group A is comp
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The testing of Group A was administ
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Subjective questions 1-5, column 2,
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Page 377 and 378: Group A 1st Test Correct Respnses I
Page 379 and 380: y the learning program. This may re
Page 381 and 382: Group B 1st Test Correct Respnses I
Page 383 and 384: incorrect responses was 14% in the
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Page 387 and 388: Figure 9.10 Comparison of group A a
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Page 391 and 392: Question 10 Tempered glass is
Page 393 and 394: Group A Incorrect Responses: Change
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Page 399 and 400: Question 14 Glass for point-fixed s
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Page 409 and 410: V n = number of vertical grid modul
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Page 413 and 414: H m = horizontal module (ft) H n =
Page 415 and 416: Table 9-6 Simple truss; comparison
Page 417 and 418: Chapter 10 - Summary and Conclusion
Page 419 and 420: pyramid structure when the distribu
Page 421 and 422: The author is not a Web designer or
Page 423 and 424: 10.2.2 FaçadeDesigner; the Methodo
Page 425: Tutorials An objective of FacadeDes
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Page 431 and 432: information. Better organization of
Page 433 and 434: institutions such as the Massachuse
Page 435 and 436: The important issue of sustainabili
Page 437 and 438: accommodate application needs from
Page 439 and 440: 10.3.6 Diffusion of Innovation in A
Page 441 and 442: Bibliography Amato, I 1997. Stuff;
Page 443 and 444: Cambridge 2000 Gallery 2005. Willis
Page 445 and 446: Glass skyscraper n.d. Model of glas
Page 447 and 448: Nardella, M 2007. Interior of Garde
Page 449 and 450: Seagram Building n.d. Photograph of
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